Ukrainian SSR, Central Black Earth Region, Crimean ASSR

From the "Implementation of the GOELRO plan"

Electrification of the USSR within the master plan

General plan for the electrification of the USSR. Volume 8. Consolidated plan for electrification State socio-economic publishing house 1932 Moscow-Leningrad pp. 93-170.

III. The main energy-industrial complexes by regions.

3. Southern regions - (Ukrainian SSR, Central Black Earth Region, Crimean ASSR)

Ukraine belongs, especially in the part of Donbass, to the same "old" industrial regions as Moscow and its neighboring regions.

The outlines of the production of the 1st coal and metallurgical base of the USSR determine in general terms the contours of the electrification of Ukraine. The main energy hubs are being created in the areas where the coal and metallurgical base is located - in the Donetsk basin and the Dnieper region. The fuel industry of Ukraine, according to the assumptions of the republic, should expand the extraction of coal (excluding brown coal) to 108 million tons in 1937 and 200 million tons in the general plan; moreover, the extraction of brown coal should reach 5-6 million tons in the second five years and about 20 million tons in the masterplan. Among the coal resources of Donbass, anthracite can be considered among the energy fuels, in a significant part - lean coals and partly - gas and long-flame; sintering coals should in no case be used except for technological purposes.

The metallurgical industry of Ukraine, which plans to produce 12 million tons of pig iron in 1937 (about 20 million tons in the general plan ), 1.5 million tons of high-quality steel (1937) (up to 4 million tons in the general plan ) will be widely developed as through the expansion and reconstruction of existing plants, and the huge construction of new ones.

The Ukrainian metallurgical industry should be close to the raw material base (to the Krivoy Rog and Kerch ores), on the one hand, and to a powerful energy base, on the other (the Dnieper energy-industrial hub, including not only the Dnieper hydroelectric station, but the entire bush of the Dnieper region, including and new hydroelectric stations planned for construction on the Dnieper south of the current Dnieper). Thus, Krivorozhye-Nikopol and Mariupol can be considered the main areas for the construction of ferrous metallurgy in the Ukrainian SSR.

On the basis of the development of the coal industry and ferrous metallurgy, Ukraine will be able to create a powerful chemical industry. The broad coking program planned by Ukraine will give, first of all, an impetus to the development of coke chemistry. On the basis of Lisichansk coals, the construction of the Lisichansk chemical plant is planned. The types of products of the chemical industry of the Ukrainian SSR will be: sulfuric acid, soda ash; in the line of synthetic chemistry - synthetic rubber, plastics, artificial fibers; to meet the huge need of agriculture for fertilizers - phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers.

Within the planned 10-year period, Ukraine will widely develop the machine-building industry and, first of all, heavy electrical engineering (cable and transformer), transport, tool and machine building for the needs of the light and food industries. If by the end of the first five-year plan Ukraine had to bring the output of engineering products in the amount of 1,229 million rubles. (according to the plan of 1932 to 1,742 million rubles), then by the end of 1937, according to the initial plans of the republic, this figure will increase to 6 billion rubles.

The large-scale development of a number of branches of the light and food industries (such as knitwear, cotton, footwear, meat, canning, oil milling, distilling, flour milling, sugar, etc.) must be taken into account when working out the general contours of the electrification plan for the Ukrainian SSR, especially in terms of creating a thermal power plant.

Ukraine's agriculture will sufficiently sharply change its specialization towards strengthening the role of industrial crops (cotton, beets, kenaf, industrial potatoes, oilseeds, etc.) and intensive animal husbandry (dairy animal husbandry - in suburban areas, pig breeding, poultry farming, rabbit breeding). According to the preliminary plans of the Ukrainian SSR, the area under grain crops should fall (from 69% in 1932 to 54% in the general plan) with an increase in the sowing of industrial crops from 11.5% in 1932 to 17% in the general plan. The projected absolute growth of the sown area under industrial crops by more than two million hectares - and fodder crops from 11.8% in 1932 to 21% in the general plan gives an increase in the sown area by 4.8 million hectares. Irrigation, which will be electrified within the framework of the general plan, must play a major role in agriculture. The main consumers of electricity in Ukrainian agriculture will be in the general plan - livestock, irrigation and field crops (especially in terms of industrial crops).

The largest energy resource of Ukraine is undoubtedly coal, primarily Donetsk. Of the total energy resources of Ukraine, fossil coals account for 96.4% (55.7 billion tons of coal in natural accounting, or 54.7 in standard fuel). It was mentioned above, however, that not all grades of this coal can be considered as an energy fuel due to the complete inexpediency of burning a number of their grades in the furnaces of power plants. But even with this restrictive interpretation of the concept, Ukraine's coal energy reserves can be more than enough to meet the needs of not only Ukraine, but also other regions (in particular, the Central Black Sea Region, as will be discussed below). This determines the main source of energy for power plants in Ukraine.

Peat and water are the next two energy sources of Ukraine, which, although they make up a relatively small percentage of the energy resources of the Ukrainian SSR (peat - 1.7%, water - 1.5%), however, can play a very significant role in electricity generation, especially in connection with favorable location of peatlands in the northwestern corner of Ukraine, from which both coal and water sources of energy are significantly removed. Wood fuel and waste from agricultural crops that find quite significant use for the needs of local industry and the rural population should not be used to generate electricity: the first - for the reason mentioned above (inexpediency from the national economic point of view of building a station on wood), the second - due to their territorial dispersal (however, their use in the future is possible). The use of wind energy,

Ukraine in the second five-year period (and especially in the third) will be a powerful area of electrified transport. All main highways of Ukraine are being electrified: Moscow-Kharkov-Sevastopol, Kharkov-Rostov, Moscow-Valuyki-Rostov, etc., as well as the roads of Donbass. A developed network of electric railways will contribute to the electrification of agriculture. regions of Ukraine, especially the southern and southeastern regions, where industrial crops and irrigation will have to play the largest role.

The blueprints for the development of industry and agriculture in Ukraine a priori point to the areas of the largest electrical construction in the form of power-industrial combines. The priority and most powerful regions include the Donbass and the Dnieper region, where all the enterprises of the 1st coal and metallurgical base are concentrated. The already put into operation Zuevskaya and Shterovskaya power plants, as well as a number of new, extremely powerful ones - Grishinskaya, Kamenskaya, Mariupolskaya, Donsoda, Rubezhanskaya, Kramatorsk and others - will make up the Donbass electric power cluster, mainly designed for the fuel and then the metallurgical and chemical industries. The Dnieper hydroelectric station, which is being put into operation (together with the Kakhovka and Nikopol hydroelectric stations planned in the second five years), as well as the coal stations of the plant named after. Dzerzhinsky, Krivorozhskaya, Aleksandriyskaya, Zaporizhzhya and others will be the second cluster of power plants, among the first consumers of which metallurgy should be. The Kharkiv hub, in comparison with the indicated two regions of Ukraine, is in 3rd place in terms of electricity consumption, and a significant part of the load of the North. Ukraine falls on agriculture; even more significant load in the Right Bank area (sugar factories).

To a large extent, the CChO gravitates towards Ukraine in terms of the nature of its productive forces and inter-regional relations, in the past it was almost exclusively agricultural. an area that is currently transforming its economy on the basis of a broad industrialization program thanks to the discovery of powerful iron ore deposits, primarily the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA).

The main direction in the development of the economy of the Central Chernobyl region in the context of the general plan is the creation of a large-scale metallurgical industry based on the Kursk, Lipetsk and Pridonsk-Kalachevsky ores. The development of metallurgy will make it possible to build on its basis agricultural and transport engineering, fertilizer chemistry and the production of building materials, for the development of which the Central Chernozemsk Region has all the data on its natural resources (cement marls, refractory and acid-resistant clays, tripoli, etc.). The Kursk magnetic anomaly is exceptionally important, the estimated iron reserves of which are estimated at about 210 billion tons.

The agriculture of the Central Chernobyl region should be directed towards the rise of industrial crops, as well as the development of poultry farming, pig farming and dairy farming. The role of grain crops declined significantly already during the first five years (from 76.8% in 1927 to 71.7% in 1931 and 61.3% according to the 1932 plan). The general plan assumes the further development of this trend: grain - 47%, technical - 24% (instead of 7.8% in 1927 and 12.8% according to the plan of 1932), fodder and grasses - 25% (instead of 1.7 % in 1927 and 10.8% according to the plan of 1932). Industrial crops include: hemp, potatoes, sugar beets, shag and yellow tobaccos, sunflowers, essential oil plants.

The energy resources of the Central Chernobyl region are small, and the main part of them is forests - 60.3% of the total energy resources of the Central Chernobyl region - almost exclusively deciduous. Intensive felling of valuable forest species for even the needs of the population should be significantly reduced. There is no need to talk about the use of wood fuel to some extent for the needs of power plants. Peat resources are small (16.3% of the energy resources of the Central Chernozem region), located in the form of small swamps, making it possible to build only one or two stations, primarily Tambov. Although hydro resources account for 22.8% of the energy resources of the Central Chernobyl Region, it is practically difficult to use the power of the rivers of the Central Chernobyl Region - only one small hydroelectric station is planned on the Don (Osetrovskaya). All other stations are oriented towards coal fuel,

Transport should be included among the very serious consumers of electricity in the Central Chernobyl region, since the main connections of the mining South and the Caucasus with Leningrad and Moscow, largely electrified as early as the five years, will cut through the Central Chernobyl region and make it possible, on the basis of electrified transport, to organize the supply of electricity to its regions. These areas include primarily Moscow-Kharkov-Sevastopol, Moscow-Valuiki-Rostov, Moscow-Kozlov-Prokhladnaya.

Lipetsk, Oskol, and Valuyki are to be major energy-industrial hubs, where electrical construction will mainly meet the needs of the ferrous metallurgy and chemistry of Voronezh, Tambov, Kursk, and Orel (machine-building, chemistry, and transport load). The overwhelming number of stations, as mentioned above, are coal-fired, only a small part are peat and hydraulic. A characteristic feature of the plan for the electrification of the Central Chernobyl region should be considered the significant development of independent stations (in the vast majority - thermal power plants) for the needs of the sugar distillery and oil extract industry.

The direction of development of the national economy of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic goes in the direction of 1) the extensive development of the Kerch iron ores based on the fuel of the Donbass and 2) the maximum deployment of industries specific to the Crimea in the form of viticulture, horticulture, tobacco growing and the development of a number of industrial crops (cotton). The eastern region of the Crimea, which in the future will be the main consumer of electricity, will at the same time be the main industrial region (Kerch mining).

It is here that the construction of the most powerful power plant KrymGRES No. 2 is supposed. The northern region of Crimea, mainly agricultural, should be based either on energy imports from the Ukrainian SSR or on coal fuel from Ukraine (KrymGRES No. 3). Finally, the southwestern region (Sevastopol, Black River), which includes the southern coast of Crimea with its highly valuable special crops (grapes, tobacco, fruits, etc.), should be served by a number of relatively small stations - in Sevastopol (KrymGRES No. 1) , on the river Chernaya and on Ai-Petri, where wind power plants in combination with hydraulic ones are very likely.

The railway transport of the Crimea will be fully electrified as early as within the 2nd Five-Year Plan: in addition to the main line (Moscow-Kharkov-Sevastopol), the lines Sevastopol-Yalta and Simferopol-Yalta are planned to be built directly on electric traction.

Due to the insignificance of the energy resources of the Crimea (due to the insufficient study of some - for example, coal, oil and gas, and the national economic inexpediency of using others - forests of protective and cultural significance), the energy balance of Crimea is built almost exclusively on imported fuel (except for the Ai-Petri wind power plant). installations) - in large part on oil (south) and Donbass coal (north).