Estimated power supply plan for Ukraine

Estimated power supply plan for Ukraine - 1925

Materials on the revision of the electrification plan (GOELRO). Publication of the State Planning Committee of the Ukrainian SSR Kharkov-1925. pp. 5-13.

Estimated power supply plan for Ukraine

(Report by Eng. AM Kuznetsov and Prof. AA Potebnya)

I

The development of power supply in Ukraine in the next decade, apparently, will have to go in two ways: on the one hand, the construction of large regional stations, the place of which will be determined either as a center for secure large-scale energy consumption by industry, or as the location of these natural sources of energy, on the other hand, the development of small and medium-sized power plants, more or less temporary in nature, providing energy to a scattered consumer before the appearance of large stations, and preparing a clientele for them.

Leaving the second path aside for now, let us find out the probable locations of large stations and their possible capacities. The main consumer of energy in Ukraine is the Donbass, with its own coal and metal-working industries. The first is also a source of energy. Part of the energy, in the form of exhaust gases, is also delivered by the second. Donbass, of course, breaks up into a number of regions, electrically characterized by completed bushing. In these areas, it is natural to assume the construction of large stations, which will replace the present clustered stations. Thus, we will have stations:

I. Bokovo-Khrustalsky district with the adjacent Almazno-Maryevsky (now ending Shterstation), II. Stalino-Makeevsky district, III. Central region, IV. Lisichansky district with Solyany and V. District of Konstantinovsky and Kramatorsk factories. To them should be added, conditionally, the stations of the easternmost coal region, although now separated from Ukraine, but organically connected with the Donbass, the station of the Belo-Kalitvensky region.

In view of the possibility of developing the metallurgical industry on the ores of the Azov coast, it is possible to outline the 7th regional station of the Kerch and Mariupol regions.

Of the large populated centers that are consumers of significant amounts of energy, we first of all outline the two main cities of Ukraine - Kharkov and Kyiv. Two regional stations of the VIII Kharkov and IX Kyiv regions should be placed here.

Ukraine is relatively poor in water energy reserves. In just two points on the Dnieper and in the rapids of the Bug, large regional stations can be set up: X Zaporozhskaya, of very high capacity, and a much smaller one - XI Bugskaya.

It should be noted that stations III and IV (Lisichanskaya and Tsentr.), due to the proximity of the districts, will in all likelihood be advantageous to combine into one. Thus, X regional stations are obtained, the power of which we will find out by analyzing the needs and resources of individual regions.

Station of the Bokovo-Khrustalsky district (Shterovskaya station).

The project of the currently under construction Shterovskaya station provides for an installed capacity of 20,000 kW with the possibility of its further development. This development is limited by three main values: a) the maximum amount of mined fines, b) the reserve in the reservoir of water needed for condensation, and c) the limit to the growth of the clientele in the area.

A. Normal extraction of anthracite in the area of the plant is 220 million poods. This number will not be surpassed within the next five years. By the end of the decade, it can be assumed that production will be 30% higher than pre-war, i.e., approximately 290 million poods. Taking 10.5% of this amount in the form of shtba, we get the amount of fuel at the end of the five-year period 23 million poods. and at the end of the ten-year 30 million pounds, which will make it possible to generate energy, counting 1.5 kg / kW per year

(23 × 16.4 × 10⁶) / 1.5 = 250 million kWh

for a five-year period and 330 million kWh for a ten-year period; this gives, assuming 5,000 hours of operation per year, an installed power of the station, respectively, of 50,000 kW. and 66.000 kW.

B. Pond in its present form provides a station with a capacity of up to 60,000 kW, but with a further increase in its maximum capacity of the station, according to earlier studies, it can be increased to 100,000 kW.

B. The station's clientele is currently limited to its already installed 20,000 kWh, but in the not too distant future it needs to be increased to 36,000 kWh. Further growth of the station is unlikely to be needed in the next 10 years, since the only profitable client outside the district will be the Almazno-Maryevsky district. Transmission of energy in small quantities to other areas of the Donbass, as well as to Rostov and Taganrog, is unlikely to justify the cost of building and maintaining a transmission line.

Thus, the capacity of the Shterovskaya station for the next 10 years can be determined at 36,000 kW, although water and fuel resources, if necessary, allow expansion to 60,000 kW of installed capacity.

Station Lisichansky district.

At present, the issue of streamlining the power supply of the salt region, like other regions of Donbass, is being solved by bushing and reducing the number of small stations. However, this measure should be considered temporary. The availability of chemical plants using crumpled steam for production purposes can significantly increase the efficiency of the plant and provide very cheap energy even when burning valuable fuel. When using small change from local mines, the cost of energy will go down even more.

The provided average power consumption of the region for 1928, including the mountains. Bakhmut, according to the plans of Himugol and Bakhsoltrest, is 9300 kW. The probable cheapness of the energy of this regional station makes it desirable to develop it and load it to the highest possible limit. According to the report of Eng. Teisa (VSNKh of the Ukrainian SSR), the energy demand of the central region, with the pre-war production in 1928, will be 72 million kWh. This energy can be obtained via a high-voltage line from the Lisichansk regional station. At 5000 hours. work per year, this will require an increase in the Lisichanskaya station by another 14,000 kW.

When installing at the station 3 units of 10 thousand kW (2 working and 1 standby), part of the load and peaks must be removed by the local standby station using coke oven gases and about 53 million kWh must be transferred from Lisichansk. About 10 million kWh will be transmitted along the same line for Bakhsoltrest and Bakhmut. The cost of transmission of one kWh will be, at the cost of 1 kilometer of the line - 26,000 rubles, not more than 0.7 kWh, which can be considered profitable with cheap energy.

Thus, in the first approximation, it is possible to outline the central station in the Lisichansk region, which also serves the Central region, with a capacity of 30,000 kW installed; if the Center, the district is perceived as a power plant near Konstantinovka, then in 20-24 thousand kW.

Districts of Konstantinovka and Kramatorovka.

The machine-building part of the Kramatorsk plant in 1913 produced 919,883 pounds. Already in 1922-24, the plant in this part was half loaded. Keeping in mind that this plant is the only one that has metallurgical equipment and large-scale machine tool building, we must assume that this plant will develop and increase the program against peacetime in 1934-35 by no less than 50%, i.e. up to 1500000 pounds. products.

The output of pig iron for the five-year period can be estimated at 9-10 million poods annually.

The Konstantinovsky plant for iron and rolled products can be considered half as large.

Assuming full electrification and considering the total energy demand per pood of pig iron - 4 kWh, we get the energy demand of these two plants in the 1st five-year period - 15 × 4 × 10⁶ = 60 million kWh, which gives, at 3000 hours. work per year, the power of the station, respectively, is 20 thousand kW.

In the case of the implementation of the assumption of the NTO VSNKh regarding the installation of a phosphoric acid plant in Konstantinovka according to the method of prof. Britske, the exhaust gases burned under the boilers will be given according to the instructions of prof. Britske, the amount of fuel required for the specified power.

On the other hand, the capacity of the district station must be increased, since energy will also be needed for a glass factory, the raw material for which will be the slag of phosphoric acid furnaces.

The power required for the Kramatorsk plant will be partly obtained by using gases from coke ovens at its own stations.

The coke oven gases (50), minus losses and self-service, will give about 40 million kWh, which corresponds to an average power of about 13,000 kW.

Thus, we can tentatively assume that a station of 20,000 kW with a reserve will be sufficient at Konstantinovka.

Stalino-Makeevsky district.

By the end of the first five years, pig iron smelting in the region is expected to be increased to 48 million pig iron, which, given the current state of electrification of factories, corresponds to the need for electricity - 128 million kWh. in year. Assuming the same smelting at the end of the 10th anniversary, but a greater degree of electrification of production, the energy demand will be about 151 million kW.

The energy demand for the coal industry during mining is 292 million poods. and 477 million pounds. will be respectively at the end of the 5th anniversary 106 million kWh and the 10th anniversary 204 million kWh, assuming the development of electrification of mines.

Considering in the same terms the energy demand for the chemical industry and other types of industry of the region at 30 million and 51 million kWh, we get the total energy demand for the region at the end of the 5th and 10th years at 204 million kWh and 409 million kWh, which corresponds to working capacities of 66 thousand and 102 thousand kW.

According to the report of eng. Teis, the power of the old suitable equipment is about 25 thousand kW. Therefore, the capacity of the first cell of the district's large industrial central may be limited to 48,000 kW installed, but by the end of the 10-year period, the installed capacity will have to increase to 120,000 kW with a reserve.

Whether this power will be concentrated at one or two stations, without further elaboration of the issue, cannot yet be said.

Belo-Kalitvensky district.

Belo-Kalitvensky district is the easternmost district of Donbass. Here, according to the original GOELRO plan, a large regional station with a capacity of about 200,000 kW should be built. However, in the next 10 years there is no evidence to suggest that conditions will be created that justify the construction of a station even of a significantly lower capacity, despite the availability of cheap fuel and water supply of the Donets.

The area of the Belaya Kalitva station, due to the presence of the Shterovskaya station, is limited to the west by a radius of 70 versts. To the east and north there is no evidence to expect any significant consumption. It is possible to transfer energy, in addition to meeting the needs of the local coal industry, only to the south through the Aleksandrovo-Grushevsky district towards Novocherkassk and Rostov.

But the coal industry in 1934-35 alone in the Belo-Kalitvensky region can expect an extraction of 18 million poods. coal, which corresponds to 5.4 million kWh. The Semeykinsky district, which, with the production of 42 million kWh, will require 12.5 million kWh, can be supplied with energy from the Shterovskaya station with almost the same success, as well as Dolzhansky. It would be irrational to feed the Aleksandro-Grushevsky district from Belaya Kalitva. More natural is the station at the Grushevsky mines, which also supplies energy to Novocherkassk and Rostov.

Thus, the regional Belo-Kalitvenskaya station, at least in the next 10 years, cannot be included in the Donbass electrification plan.

Station of the Kharkiv region.

Based on the current load of all stations in the city and its immediate environs, and taking into account population growth, industrial development, and the development of a network of urban and suburban railways. and taking into account the inevitable, in the near future, at least partial electrification of the Kharkov railway junction, it is impossible not to come to the conclusion that the current central station is insufficient and that it cannot be expanded due to lack of water and inconvenient location.

With the complete unification of energy generation for the region and the elimination of all block stations that increase the cost of energy, the power required for Kharkov and its region of the station is determined by 1928 to be 32,000 kW installed, and for 1934 - 48,000 kW installed.

The site selection is not over yet. In any case, the station should be located on the Donets, near Izyum on local mines, or near Chuguev, on imported coal. In both cases, the construction of the station must provide for ways to use the fuel in the most advantageous way, and if cold coking is used, it will be possible to have by-products, the sale value of which can significantly reduce the sale price of a unit of energy.

Kievsky district station.

According to the data of the Kyiv Gorkomkhoz, the city's demand for 1935 will be 76 million kWh per year. By this year, all the city's currently operating stations will already be out of order. Taking into account the need for a region with a radius of about 25 km and the proposed electrification of the railway junction, and estimating both needs at 10 million kWh per year, we obtain the total energy demand for the region for 1935, about 100 million kWh 25 million kWh will give the estimated construction of the Desensky hydroelectric station and, consequently, the steam station should be built 70-75 million kW a year, i.e., 26 thousand kilowatts installed.

The construction of the steam station must be started in advance so that by the end of the second five-year period it will be able to partly absorb the load of the old stations that are gradually falling out of service.

II

The starting points for the revision of the GOELRO plan and the preparation of the above new plan for the development of electricity supply in Ukraine were the following main factors determining the lines of development of the industrial and economic life of Ukraine: agriculture and mining, which gave rise to the mining and metallurgical industry in it.

Agriculture gave rise to industry based on agricultural raw materials, sugar, distillery, food, tobacco, and so on. On the other hand, agriculture made specific demands on the metal industry: s.-khoz. machines, consumer goods, such as nails, roofing iron, tire, hoop and so on. The development of small and medium-sized agriculture industry in the Ukraine has extremely lagged behind. values.

In the second main group of the mining and metal industry, which includes the iron-making, ore, coal and salt industries, the chemical industry, which is closely connected with the mining group (by-products of coking, salt in soda production, etc.), is significantly behind.

The transport of Ukraine serves mainly coal, bread, raw materials and products related to metallurgy.

State construction, consisting of the construction of communication lines, large and regional power stations, elevators, port facilities and refrigerators, is fully subordinated to the service of these two main groups - for their needs and for their products - agriculture and the mining and metal industry.

Agriculture.

The agricultural development plan was drawn up for the seven years from 1924-25 to 1930-31. Investment in agriculture during this period is expected to be at least 300 million rubles.

The main sources of these funds are provided by the state budget and the state returnable fund. The direction of these funds and their repayment are elaborated in detail in the special works of the NKZem of Ukraine. Not included are the significant sums that will be required for the development of small and medium-sized agricultural industry, for irrigation and for electrification and mechanization in agriculture; integrated from a very significant number of individual magnitudes, these calculations require a lot of time and could not yet be carried out.

Metallurgical industry.

For the metallurgical industry, in the direction of outlining a program for the production of southern metallurgy in the next 5 years, the figures are not taken on the basis of the assumption that over these 5 years the consumer should receive metal per capita not less than in the pre-war period, i.e., about 1, 8 pounds.

Indeed, the wear and tear of industrial, agricultural and household equipment, delayed state industrial and housing construction, restrictions on the import of metal products from abroad, all this allows us to expect that the figure for metal consumption per capita will recover over these 5 years. Some market prospects in the east for our metal products further enhance the market prospects. The participation of the south in the total production of pig iron by the entire Union is taken at 70%, which is close to pre-war proportions. Assuming the need for southern metallurgy to smelt 160-170 million pounds. cast iron in 1928-29, there may be an error, but the error is rather in the direction of understatement. In this regard, the Ukrainian Commission for the revision of the GOELRO plan fully agreed with the assumptions of the industrial section of the Ukrgosplan and rejected the assumptions of the report of I. G. Aleksandrov, finding them clearly underestimated (106 million pounds in 1929-30); representatives of Yugostal went much further than the assumptions of the industrial section. The share of participation of Ukraine in the total production of metal by the Union is approximately the same (70%) and prof. I. G. Aleksandrov, whose assumptions formed the basis for the decision of the joint commission of the State Planning Committee of the Union. If we accept, as the aforementioned Commission of the State Planning Committee of the Union does, that the old factories in the south, renovated and reconstructed, will produce 110 million poods of pig iron, then the shortage in 5 years will be expressed as 60 million new plants with a capacity of 40-50 million poods each. During the next 10 years, the construction of three is inevitable, and taking into account the unprofitability of the old plants, even four plants. At the same meeting of the Ukrainian Commission for the revision of the GOELRO plan, the points for the construction of these plants were generally the same: one between the Stalin and Makeevsky plants, one in Aleksandrovsk, one in Kerch, one in Krivoy Rog. The cost of building one plant is estimated at about 75 million rubles. The order of construction of factories and the order of putting them into operation were understood differently by all parties; however, the idea of simultaneously starting the construction of plants, even all 4, was recognized as very valuable and deserving of detailed study, pursuing the principle of their specialization, giving each of the new, and partly old plants, a special purpose, for example, the Krivoy Rog plant - for foundry iron , Alexandrovsky - for special grades of steel.

This idea is associated with the fact that, due to the lack of large machine-building plants in the south, metallurgical plants should receive workshops for transferring their metal to the highest qualification corresponding to their specialty, and economically expediently linked to the production of a metallurgical plant by reducing the movement of metal during heating operations, reducing the cost overhead costs and so on. Since these 4 factories will be built gradually, the investment for their construction will be no more than if they were built in gradual order - one after the other. An enormous difference would result, however, in the fact that the factories would be built in the highest degree economically in terms of reducing the cost of production, as narrowly specialized ones. The Ukrainian GOELRO Review Commission recognized that that it is absolutely necessary to start building new factories within a year; each year of delay will entail a significant overspending on the reconstruction of old factories, and the Commission does not agree with the figures of Professor I. G. Aleksandrov on the cost of reconstructing and repairing old factories (about 100 million rubles), but considers them factories will not be able to significantly decrease in price.

Transport.

A. Railway . With regard to transport, it is assumed that passenger traffic on the roads of Ukraine can reach pre-war levels in 1928-29, freight traffic in 1931-32. The amount required to restore the fixed capital of the existing railways is expressed as 180 million rubles in 5 years, or 36 million rubles for each year. Construction of new railways lines and branches should cost 87 million rubles (at pre-war rates); this is about 1800 versts, including some of the new tracks already built to date.

The above figures do not take into account the costs associated with an increase in transport capacity along the 2 main highways: 1) Mariupol - Kharkov and further to Moscow and 2) Tsaritsin - Aleksandrovsk - Krivoy Rog; under this article, it is necessary to foresee the costs of strengthening the upper track, making the rails heavier, changing the station sites, increasing the throughput capacity of the Kharkov junction with the help of electrification or bypass roundabouts, electrifying some Donbas tracks, and developing the Kyiv railway. node, to strengthen bridges and replace rolling stock with heavy-duty wagons and multi-ton steam locomotives.

B. The waterways are not expected to reach their pre-war carrying capacity until 1934-35, due to the extreme destruction at present. Until 1930-31, inclusive, restoration work will be required in the amount of about 20 million rubles, and about 6 million rubles for the restoration of the river fleet. When locking the Dnieper rapids, about 20 million rubles (at pre-war rates) should be additionally spent on work to correct the channel of the Dnieper and tributaries to strengthen their banks. About 9 million rubles will be required for road construction with the restoration of about 22,000 versts of dirt and highways and the construction of up to 5,000 versts of new highways. (at pre-war rates).

Construction.

A. The elevator network is planned for 118 million poods of grain, of which 85 million poods for ports and 25 million poods for linear ones. The cost of their construction will cost 42 million rubles.

B. The planned district power stations will require about 200 million rubles in the next 10 years, not including the cost of large production stations, which are included in the expenditure for the restoration and development of the corresponding industries. Large regional stations will require the following costs in indicative figures.

1. Zaporozhye hydroelectric station with a capacity of 220 tons kW, cost 135 million rubles.

2. Bug hydroelectric station with a capacity of 20 tons kW, worth 16 million rubles.

3. Completion and development of the Shterovskaya station up to 50 t. kW installed with the cost of additional facilities of 12 million rubles.

4. District power plant at Konstantinovka for 20 thousand kW; the cost is 6 million rubles.

5. Power plant of the Kharkov region with the development over the next 10 years up to 48 thousand kW installed; the cost is 16 million rubles.

6. Electric stations of the Kyiv region: 1) a hydroelectric station for 6 thousand kW worth 7 million rubles. and 2) steam for 26 thousand kW, costing 8 million rubles, and the total cost of the stations is 15 million rubles.