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Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-19551955
Agreement between the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the government of the People's Republic of China on the establishment of regular air traffic between the USSR and the PRC. December 30, 1954
Archive: WUA RF. F. Za. Op. 1. P. 63. D. 305.
107.
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the People's Republic of China, recognizing the desirability of establishing regular air service between the two countries, have agreed as follows:
Article 1
Each of the Contracting Parties grants to civil aircraft of the other Party the right to fly between the USSR and the People's Republic of China for the carriage of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail in both directions by air lines:
Moscow - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Ulan Bator - Beijing;
Alma-Ata - Kulja - Urumqi;
Chita Shenyang - Beijing.
Flight routes along the above air lines are established independently by each of the Contracting Parties on their territory, and the gates of the passage of state borders - as agreed between the Contracting Parties.
Flights by aircraft of both Contracting Parties on established air routes through the territory of a third State will be carried out in accordance with the permits obtained by each of the Contracting Parties from the government of that third State.
Article 2
Operation of overhead lines specified in Art. 1 of this Agreement is assigned:
on the part of the USSR - to the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (“Aeroflot”);
from the side of the People's Republic of China - to the Office of the Civil Air Fleet under the State Council of the People's Republic of China (UGVF).
All issues related to the technical and commercial operation of these air lines, in particular: the frequency and schedule of flights, the establishment of tariffs for transportation, the procedure for financial settlements, the procedure for distributing income and expenses from the operation of air lines, ensuring aircraft flights along the route and servicing them in the main and alternate airports will be permitted in a separate agreement between the above civil aviation authorities of the Contracting Parties.
Article 3
When flying on the territory of the People's Republic of China and the USSR, Soviet and Chinese civil aircraft must be provided with the identification marks of their states established for international flights, registration certificates, certificates of airworthiness and other established ship's documents, as well as permits for radio installations. Pilots and other crew members must be licensed. All said documents issued by one Contracting Party shall be recognized as valid in the territory of the other Contracting Party.
Article 4
Aircraft, their crews, as well as the passengers, baggage, cargo and mail carried on them while they are in the territory of the USSR and the People's Republic of China will be subject to customs, passport, quarantine and other laws, rules and orders in force respectively in the territory of the Union. SSR and the People's Republic of China.
Article 5
The Contracting Parties agreed that their civil aircraft flying on the air routes specified in Art. 1 of this Agreement, all means of radio lighting and meteorological services necessary for flight safety will be provided.
Article 6
The contracting parties mutually grant each other the right to maintain at the airports of Beijing, Urumqi, Moscow and Alma-Ata their representative offices with the necessary number of personnel, rendering them the necessary assistance in all matters of air communication between the USSR and the People's Republic of China.
Article 7
Spare parts, tools, fuel and lubricants, as well as other items and materials necessary for the implementation of air traffic through the air lines specified in Art. 1 of this Agreement are allowed to be imported into the USSR and the People's Republic of China without the collection of any dues and duties, with the right of re-exportation, but without the right of alienation in the territory of the USSR and the People's Republic of China.
Article 8
After the entry into force of this Agreement, all agreements previously concluded between the Contracting Parties regarding the establishment of air communication between the USSR and the People's Republic of China will be considered invalid.
Article 9
This Agreement is concluded for a period of five years, shall enter into force on the date of its signing, and shall be automatically renewed every five years, unless denounced by either Contracting Party six months before the expiration of the current period.
Done in Beijing on December 30, 1954 in two original copies, each in Russian and Chinese, both texts being equally authentic.
Note of the USSR Embassy in the People's Republic of China in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. January 15, 1955Archive: Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. - 118 - 00021 - 02.
108.*
The Embassy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics shows its respect to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China and has the honor to announce that due to the proximity of the Tianjin consular district to the Embassy and the possibility of servicing Soviet citizens living in the consular district by the Consular Section of the Embassy, the Consulate General in Tianjin is terminating its activity since January 16, 1955. Service for Soviet citizens living in the Tianjin consular district will be carried out by the Consular Section of the Embassy by sending employees of the Section to large settlements of Soviet citizens.
* The document could not be found in the Russian archives.
Communication on the decision of the Soviet government to provide scientific, technical and industrial assistance to the People's Republic of China, the Polish People's Republic, the Czechoslovak Republic, the Romanian People's Republic and the German Democratic Republic.Archive: News. 1955. Jan 18
109.
The Soviet government, attaching great importance to the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, decided to provide scientific, technical and industrial assistance to other states in the creation of scientific and experimental bases for the development of research in the field of nuclear physics and the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes.
The Soviet government made an offer to the People's Republic of China, the People's Republic of Poland, the Czechoslovak Republic, the Romanian People's Republic and the German Democratic Republic to provide them with comprehensive assistance in the design, supply of equipment, construction of experimental atomic boilers with a thermal power of up to five thousand kW each and elementary particle accelerators. It is also envisaged to allocate to these countries the necessary amount of fissile materials for atomic boilers and for scientific research. This takes into account the fact that the countries mentioned supply the Soviet Union with the appropriate raw materials.
The scientists and engineers of these countries will be given the opportunity to get acquainted with the research work carried out in the USSR in the field of the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, and with the work of experimental atomic boilers.
The creation of these scientific and experimental bases will enable these countries to widely develop research work in the field of nuclear physics, to obtain a sufficient amount of radioactive isotopes on experimental atomic boilers for their use in medicine, biology and various fields of science and technology, and also to prepare scientific and engineering personnel for the further development of work on the peaceful use of atomic energy.
The question of expanding the circle of countries to which the USSR can also render assistance and assistance in the development of scientific and experimental work in the field of the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes is being considered.
Resolution of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. January 31, 1955Archive: AVPRF. F. 0100. Op. 48. P. 394. D. 10. L. 196-198.
110.*
The Chinese people and the government of the People's Republic of China warmly welcome the proposal of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 17, 1955, for the Soviet Union to provide scientific, technical and industrial assistance to the PRC in the development of research in the field of the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes**.
In the field of the peaceful use of atomic energy, the Soviet Union achieved brilliant successes by creating in 1954 the world's first nuclear power plant. All this is received by the Chinese people with great joy and inspiration. The Soviet government has now decided to provide assistance to the People's Republic of China, the People's Republic of Poland, the Czechoslovak Republic, the Romanian People's Republic and the German Democratic Republic in the development of research on the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, and is also considering expanding the circle of countries to which it can to provide assistance so that the remarkable scientific achievements of the Soviet Union in the field of the peaceful use of atomic energy can be widely applied for the benefit of mankind.
The Chinese people and their government wholeheartedly support the great goal of the Soviet government, which is expressed in this noble decision: to use atomic energy for peaceful purposes on the basis of international cooperation and to promote the development of human culture. This is a vivid expression of the peaceful foreign policy of the Soviet Union. This is a new development of the great friendship between China and the Soviet Union. The Chinese people and their government express their heartfelt gratitude to the Soviet Union for this sincere and unselfish assistance. As a result of long-term oppression by imperialism and feudalism, science and technology in China are in a backward state. However, we are deeply convinced that the scientists, engineers and workers of liberated China, with the sincere help of the Soviet Union, will soon be able to master the technique of using atomic energy.
Nuclear reactors can produce energy for peaceful purposes, but they can also produce dangerous fissile materials used to make nuclear weapons. It is quite obvious that only the prohibition of atomic and hydrogen weapons will make it possible for the efforts made towards the peaceful use of atomic energy for the benefit of the peoples of all countries to be fully and effectively developed.
At the present time, the aggressive circles in the United States not only continue to oppose the prohibition of atomic and hydrogen weapons of mass destruction, but are also shouting madly and preparing for an atomic war. Although they have long lost their monopoly on atomic and hydrogen weapons, they still try to use atomic weapons everywhere as blackmail to expand aggressive actions and prepare for war. In the East, aggressive US circles, using the threat of using atomic weapons, are trying to achieve their goal - to seize the territory of other countries and prepare for a new war. This will by no means intimidate the Chinese people and the peoples of the East. The Chinese people resolutely stand for the prohibition of atomic and hydrogen weapons and against the criminal policy of preparing for an atomic war.
With the help and cooperation of the Soviet Union, the Chinese people, together with the peace-loving peoples of the whole world, will wage an unremitting struggle against atomic war, against the use of atomic and hydrogen weapons, and for promoting the cause of the peaceful use of atomic energy. History testifies that all advanced scientific inventions lead in the end to the progress of mankind. We are firmly convinced that the militant elements who are trying to use atomic energy to exterminate mankind will destroy only themselves, and the peace-loving countries and peoples who firmly insist on the peaceful use of atomic energy will win the final victory.
* Adopted at the 4th plenary session of the State Council of the People's Republic of China.
** See doc. 109.Statement of the government of the USSR to the government of Great Britain. January 31, 1955
Archive: AVPRF. F. 0100. Op. 48. P. 393. D. 5. L. 13-14., Pravda. Feb 13, 1955
111.*
Immediately after our meeting on January 28, during which you, Mr. Ambassador, presented the views of the British Government and the Government of New Zealand on the situation in the Taiwan area, the Soviet Government informed the Government of the People's Republic of China of your views on this matter. question.
Like the British government, the Soviet government is concerned about the dangerous situation that has developed in the area of Taiwan and other islands located off the coast of China. The situation that has arisen threatens the maintenance of peace and increases the danger of a new war.
The Government of the USSR sees the cause of the situation here in the fact that the United States of America, with the help of Chiang Kashli, seized the island of Taiwan belonging to China, the islands of Penghuledao and some other Chinese islands a few years ago. Recently, new aggressive actions have been taken by the United States in this area, which has further increased the state of tension there.
The Soviet Government shares the opinion of the British Government on the need to discuss this entire question in the UN Security Council. They have already given appropriate instructions to their representative in the United Nations, Ambassador AA Sobolev**.
In addition, the Soviet government also instructed him to invite a delegation of the People's Republic of China during the discussion of this question, the presence of which is especially necessary, since the matter concerns aggressive actions directed against China and interference in its internal affairs by the United States of America.
The Soviet Government would like to point out in particular that its aim in raising this question for consideration by the Security Council is to reduce tension in the Far East and to promote peace throughout the world .
1 February 4, 1955 Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR V.M. Molotov again received British Ambassador to the USSR U Hayter and made the following statement to him on behalf of the government of the USSR.
Statement of the Government of the USSR to the Government of Great Britain
The Soviet Government, as already indicated in its statement of January 31, like the British Government, is concerned about the dangerous situation that has developed in the area of Taiwan and other islands located off the coast of China. The situation that has arisen threatens the maintenance of peace and increases the danger of a new war.
The Government of the USSR sees the cause of the situation here in the fact that the United States of America, with the help of Chiang Kai-shek, seized the island of Taiwan belonging to China, the islands of Penghuledao and some other Chinese islands a few years ago. Recently, new aggressive actions have been taken by the United States in this area, which has further increased the state of tension there.
This has found expression in unprovoked armed attacks against cities and coastal areas of China by the armed forces controlled by the United States, in the concentration of US naval and air forces in the area, as well as in official statements by US government officials containing the threat of the use of armed forces against the People's Republic of China.
In order to eliminate the dangerous situation that has arisen in the area of the island of Taiwan as a result of the intervention of the United States of America in the internal affairs of China and the recent intensification of the aggressive actions of the United States against the People's Republic of China, the Soviet government submitted to the Security Council the question "On the aggressive actions of the United States of America in relation to the People's Republic of China in the area of Taiwan and other islands of China." With this proposal, the Soviet government sought to contribute to the settlement of the situation in the Taiwan region and the strengthening of peace in the Far East.
Raising this question before the Security Council, the Soviet Government proposed to invite a representative of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China to take part in the Council as China's legal representative and to remove from the Security Council the Chiang Kai-shek representative who illegally occupies a seat in the United Nations.
As can be seen from the reply of the Government of the People's Republic of China, transmitted through the General Secretary of the United Nations, it agreed to take part in the consideration of the question submitted by the Soviet Union to the Security Council, provided that the representative of the Kuomintang be removed from
Security Council, and the representative of the People's Republic of China will be present in the Security Council as the legitimate representative of China***.
The unwillingness of the United States of America, as well as of England, as can be seen from the statement of the British government and the position taken by its representative on the Security Council, to reckon with this just and legitimate demand of the People's Republic of China makes it impossible for the Security Council to legally and impartially examine the situation in the Taiwan area. and other Chinese islands and taking appropriate measures to reduce tension in the area and to protect the national rights of the People's Republic of China.
In pursuing the goals of strengthening peace and reducing international tension in the Far East, the Soviet government considers that, under the circumstances that have arisen, it is expedient to try to find other ways to facilitate the settlement of the question of the situation in this region.
In the opinion of the Soviet Government, it would be expedient for countries especially interested in settling the situation in the area of Taiwan and other Chinese islands to consider this question at an appropriate conference. Together with the PRC and the USA, Britain, the USSR, France, India, Burma, Indonesia, Pakistan and Ceylon could also take part in such a conference.
The initiative in this direction could, in our opinion, be taken by Britain, the Soviet Union and India, if the Government of England and the Government of India agree to this.
The manifestation of such an initiative would be in accordance with the wishes. expressed by Mr. Eden regarding the need for joint efforts by Britain and the USSR to resolve unsettled international problems.
As regards the time and place of convening the conference, the Soviet Government is of the opinion that the conference could be convened in February of that year in Shanghai or New Delhi****.
The Soviet Government expresses the hope that the Government of Great Britain will consider these considerations of the Soviet Government and communicate its opinion*****.
* The text of the statement was handed over by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR V.M. Molotov to the Ambassador of Great Britain to the USSR Wu Hayter on January 31, 1955. Lomakin with Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Hanfu.
** Sobolev A.A. - Deputy Permanent Representative of the USSR to the UN in 1954-1955, from March 2, 1955 - Permanent Representative of the USSR to the UN.
*** The letter sent by Premier of the State Council of the PRC, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the PRC Zhou Enlai to the UN Secretary General D. Hammarskjöld and the Chairman of the UN Security Council V. Belaunde, in particular, said: “... United States aggression directed against Chinese territory Taiwan, all the time is a source of tension in the Far East. [...]
Taiwan, the Penghuledao Islands and other offshore islands are an integral part of China's territory. [..]
Since the United States occupied Taiwan in 1950, the People's Republic of China has repeatedly brought charges against the United Nations and demanded that the United Nations put an end to the aggressive actions of the United States against China. [...]
The People's Republic of China, representing the Chinese people of 600 million, is still deprived of its legal position and its legal rights in the United Nations to this day, while the pitiful remnants of the treacherous Chiang Kai-shek clique, long since rejected by the Chinese people, continue illegally take the place of China's representative to the United Nations. [...]
The Government of the People's Republic of China considers that only for the purpose of discussing the resolution of the Soviet Union, and only if the representative of the Chiang Kai-shek clique is removed from the Security Council, and the representative of the People's Republic of China is present there on behalf of China, can the People's Republic of China agree to send its representative to participate in the discussion in the Security Council [...]” (See: Pravda. - 1955. - 4 Feb).
**** The conference did not take place due to the position of the United States, which insisted on the participation of Chiang Kai-shek representatives.
***** A similar statement from the Soviet government was sent on February 4, 1955 to the government of India.
Letters of recall of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China to the USSR Zhang Wentian. February 1, 1955Archive: AVPRF. F. 57. Op. 45. P. 256. D. 37.
112.
Chairman
People's Republic of China Mao Zedong
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to Comrade K.E. Voroshilov
Comrade Chairman,
Based on the decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, I recall Comrade Zhang Wentian from the post of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Convinced that Comrade Zhang Wentian, in carrying out his duties as Ambassador, contributed to the development of relations of friendship and cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, I take this opportunity to express to you, Comrade Chairman, my gratitude for the attention and assistance rendered to him, and I ask you to accept with favor his letters of acknowledgment.
Chairman of the People's Republic of China
Mao Zedong
Bonded: Minister of Foreign Affairs
People's Republic of China
Zhou Enlai
Credentials of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China to the USSR Liu Xiao. February 7, 1955
Archive: AVPRF. F. 57. Op. 66. P. 547. D. 37.
113.
Chairman
People's Republic of China Mao Zedong
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to Comrade K.E. Voroshilov
Comrade Chairman,
In order to strengthen and develop the relations of friendship and cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, on the basis of the decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, I appointed Comrade Liu Xiao as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics .
Accrediting Comrade Liu Xiao with these letters, I ask you to accept him with favor and believe everything that he will have the honor to expound to you on behalf of the Government of the People's Republic of China.
Chairman of the People's Republic of China
Mao Zedong
Bonded: Minister of Foreign Affairs
People's Republic of China
Zhou EnlaiDeclaration of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the situation that is developing in Europe, in Asia, and also in other regions of the world. February 9, 1955
Archive: Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1955. No. 2.
114.
The Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics considers it its duty to draw the attention of the peoples and parliaments of all states to the situation that is developing in Europe, Asia, and also in other parts of the world, which in many ways increases tension in international relations and the threat to the security of peoples.
In Europe, military groupings of some states are being created, directed against other European states. A dangerous policy is being pursued to restore German militarism, which just recently unleashed a world war that has brought innumerable disasters to the peoples.
There is a danger that Europe may become the scene of a new war. Such a war will inevitably turn into a new world war.
The situation in Asia and the Far East also cannot but arouse concern for the fate of the world. It is the duty of all peoples to prevent war here as well, to protect the national rights of the peoples of Asia, their independence and sovereignty.
The arms race and the organization of military bases on foreign territories, which accompany the policy of creating military blocs, continue, increasing tension in relations between states.
Atomic war is being prepared secretly from the peoples. At the same time, they do not take into account the fact that an atomic extermination war would bring colossal destruction and incalculable human losses, especially in states with the highest concentration of population and industry in small territories.
Despite the fact that the United Nations recognized and condemned war propaganda as unacceptable, in some countries there are open and unbridled calls for a new war, for the use of atomic weapons without meeting a rebuff.
All this requires that states striving to maintain and strengthen peace increase their efforts towards such lofty goals as the creation of a system of collective security in Europe and the elimination of foreign interference in the internal affairs of other peoples, which is of particular importance at the present time. to maintain peace in the Far East.
The Soviet Union believes that it is necessary to put an end to the arms race. It is necessary to resolve without delay the question of a general reduction in armaments, and above all, a significant reduction in the armaments of large states. Atomic weapons and all other weapons of mass destruction must be banned. Carrying out relevant activities should be ensured by effective international control.
The Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics attaches exceptional importance to ensuring that relations between states large and small are based on such international principles as would be in the interests of developing friendly cooperation among peoples in a peaceful, calm life.
It is necessary that relations between states be based on the principles of equality, on non-interference in internal affairs, non-aggression and renunciation of encroachments on the territorial integrity of other states, on respect for sovereignty and national independence.
Observance of these principles, which are already the basis of relations with other countries by such states as the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, India and a number of other states, ensures the peaceful coexistence of states, regardless of their social and political system.
The peoples are vitally interested in strengthening world peace. They have every opportunity to prevent a new war, since the forces of peace are steadily growing and are already now more powerful than the forces of aggression and war.
The Soviet Union, relying on the invincible unity of its peoples, on its inexhaustible resources, is determined to ensure the peaceful labor of its citizens and to protect them from any encroachment from without. Other peoples, as before, will find in the Soviet state a firm, invincible support in the struggle for peace and progress.
The Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics recognizes that the parliaments bear a great responsibility for the preservation and consolidation of peace. It is they who adopt legislative acts on issues of war and peace.
The Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics believes that the establishment of direct ties between parliaments, the exchange of parliamentary delegations, speeches by parliamentary delegations of one country in the parliament of another country will meet the aspirations of the peoples to develop friendly relations and cooperation.
The Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics will sincerely welcome any steps taken by the parliaments of other states aimed at strengthening peace among peoples.
Resolution of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. February 12, 1955Archive: Truth. Feb 14, 1955
115.*
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China welcomes the Declaration of the Supreme Council of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of February 9, 1955**
The peoples and parliaments of states all over the world cannot but pay attention to the tense situation now developing in Asia, Europe, and also other parts of the world.
The independence and sovereign rights of the peoples of Asian countries are increasingly threatened and encroached upon by the forces of aggression and war. The territory of China - Taiwan is being openly invaded by the United States of America. The tense situation in the Far East and Asia is intensifying. The dangerous policy of the revival of German and Japanese militarism is pushing Europe, Asia and the whole world onto the path of war. The criminal activities of creating military blocs directed against other states, carrying out an arms race and preparing for an atomic war threaten the security of the peoples of the whole world.
In order to put an end to aggressive war and to protect world peace, it is necessary to eliminate all interference by some states in the internal affairs of other states, to prevent the revival of German and Japanese militarism, to carry out a general reduction in armaments, to prohibit atomic weapons and all other types of weapons of mass destruction. Friendly cooperation between all countries should be based on the principles of mutual respect, territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. We are deeply convinced that with the joint efforts of the peoples of all countries, the peace-loving forces will certainly triumph over the forces of aggression and war.
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China warmly endorses the proposal of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and believes that the parliaments of all states should assume the important responsibility for maintaining and strengthening peace throughout the world, take concrete steps to develop friendly cooperation among the peoples of all countries and exchange delegations in order to make efforts to consolidate international peace.
* Adopted at the 7th meeting of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China.
** See doc. 114.
Report of the authorized Ministry of non-ferrous metallurgy of the USSR in the PRC S.I. Yanshin. February 12, 1955Archive: RGAE. F. 9022. Op. 1. D. 3241. L. 52-55.
116.
I report to you on the state of fulfillment of the obligations of the Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy to provide technical assistance to KEP.
Fushun aluminum plant. The start-up of the plant was completed in December. The main indicators are higher than the design ones. The plant works rhythmically. In January, significant cracks were formed on the anodes of the northern building. At present, thanks to the measures taken, the cracks have been eliminated. Considering the variable composition of the raw materials used for the production of the anode mass and its completely insufficient knowledge, I consider it necessary to conduct additional research in this area, entrusting this work to Comrade Gruzinov M.D., located at the Girinsk Electrode Plant.
So far, some equipment has not been delivered, including electrical equipment borrowed from other enterprises to ensure the timely start-up of the plant. The list of this equipment was sent to the Allied Forces by the Mukden branch of the trade mission.
Girinsk Electrode Plant. The main construction work was completed at the end of the year. The boiler house of the plant was put into operation, which made it possible to lay the laying of roasting and roasting furnaces in winter conditions. At present, about 7 thousand tons of refractory bricks have been laid.
The issuance of project documentation related to a change in the project, made in order to correct errors made in the project and improve technology, is delayed.
Most of the equipment supplied from the USSR arrived at the plant. However, a number of positions are still missing, without which it is impossible to start the plant. An updated specification for the undelivered equipment is attached.
The supply of instrumentation* is significantly behind. By February, the plant received only ~ 50% of the total number of devices required by the working project.
The team of Soviet specialists at the plant is not staffed. For several months, there was an acute need for specialists in the installation of boilers, taps, presses, electricians, and ventilation. In order to avoid delaying construction, a number of specialists from other ministries were invited.
Due to the completion of the installation of cranes, a specialist in this field is no longer required.
Harbin aluminum alloy processing plant. The construction of some auxiliary shops is nearing completion. A forging and welding shop, a block of auxiliary shops, a garage, warehouses will be put into operation in the near future. More than 50% of the metal structures of the main building have been assembled.
Despite the fact that the deadline for issuing project documentation expired in 1954, a number of projects have not yet been received, including: projects of an electrolytic shop, a machine room of the main building, a substation of the main building, electrical parts of the projects of many shops. There are no projects for electric furnaces, which should be manufactured in the PRC according to Soviet drawings.
Equipment arrives slowly; deadlines stipulated by contracts are not fulfilled. To ensure the fulfillment of the plan of construction and installation works for 1955, it is necessary to supply at least 10 thousand tons of equipment during the year.
In accordance with the contracts, the plant should have 18 specialists, but in fact the team consists of 11 people. The design supervision team is completely unsatisfactorily staffed (1 person arrived).
Factory of metal meshes. The plant is under construction. The general customer intended to put the plant into operation at the end of the 1st quarter of 1955, but due to the lack of some equipment, the start-up of the plant will be postponed. Missing: stretching machine, circular shears, looms 4 and 5 m wide and some other equipment. So far, some drawings have not been received. The full specification of the undelivered equipment and the list of missing drawings were sent to the OVS by the Vetluzhsky specialist. To prepare the plant for launch, it is necessary to expedite the departure of the launch team and, first of all, its leader.
Bayinchan copper-sulfur plant. The collection of initial data is completed. A planning task for the design has been drawn up, which is being approved by the PRC government. Most of the materials needed for the design were sent to Moscow.
Non-ferrous metal processing plant in Luoyang. Initial data is being collected. The program of the plant and the range of finished products were drawn up and submitted for approval to the General Customer. The design task will be approved in March. The delay was due to the late arrival of the initial data collection team in China.
Molybdenum mine of Yangtzezhangtze. Reserves are being calculated as of January 1, 1955. The reserves are expected to be completed in April. A significant increase in B + C 1 reserves is expected against those accepted in the design assignment, namely:
Accepted in the design briefExpected
Rud.
mln t
average
grade in ore
Stocks
molybdenite
thousand tons
Stocks
ores
mln t
Average
content
in ore
Stocks
molybdenite
thousand tons
Daibeilin
5.3
0.31
16.3
9.8
0.31
31.3
Senchen
2.5
0.28
7.1
5.9
0.30
17.4
Bay
10.8
0.18
19.8
18.3
0.16
28.8
Total:
18.7
0.23
43.3
34.0
0.22
77.3
Tin plant in Gyoju. The calculation of reserves as of January 1, 1955 will be completed in April. The collection of initial data is basically completed. In the summer of 1954, the metallurgical plant in Gyoju was flooded and stopped working. At present, by decision of the Ministry of Heavy Industry of the People's Republic of China, design is underway and construction has begun on a new plant in the city of Geju with a capacity of 16.5 thousand tons of tin per year. This decision calls into question the feasibility of building a tin plant in Kunming.
A team of 13 designers working at the Beijing Institute for the Design of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy Enterprises since May 1954 does not have a permanent leader, as a result of which there are serious shortcomings in the work of this group. I ask for your help in expediting the departure of the permanent head of the project team to China.
Above, only the main issues that are the most important at the present time have been touched upon.
Detailed data on the state of construction and shortcomings in terms of the issuance of project documentation, the supply of equipment and the work of specialists are available in the reports of the group leaders sent monthly by the joint ministries.
Representative
Ministry of non-ferrous metallurgy of the USSR in China
C . Yanshin
* Control and measuring device.
Speeches at a solemn meeting in Moscow dedicated to the fifth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China. February 12, 1955Archive: News. Feb 13, 1955
117.
Speech by the Chairman of the Board of the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries A.I. Denisova
The Soviet-Chinese treaty was concluded in an atmosphere of cordial and friendly understanding.
The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance is an agreement between two sovereign states, equal in rights and similar in nature, whose population is one-third of humanity, and whose territory is equal to one-fourth of the globe.
The influence of these states on the course of world events is enormous. The Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China are such states that, as V.M. Molotov, head the mighty camp of democracy and socialism, consistently and persistently upholding the cause of peace and international security.
Simple, honest and progressive people in all parts of the world see in the face of the Soviet Union and China, which have enormous human resources, inexhaustible natural wealth, vast territories and having a common border, a truly powerful and invincible force. Such a force has never known the history of mankind. This power does not threaten anyone, but is not afraid of any threats and is able to withstand any test.
May Soviet-Chinese fraternal friendship live through the ages - the beacon of peace and the progress of mankind!
May the indestructible unity of the peoples of the country of the Soviets and China continue to grow stronger!
Long live the peace and security of the peoples!
Speech by Chinese Ambassador to the USSR Liu Xiao
Dear comrades and friends!
I feel great joy and honor that I have the opportunity to be present at this solemn meeting dedicated to the fifth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, and to meet with you here. First of all, allow me, on behalf of the Chinese people, to convey warm greetings to all those present here and through you to the great Soviet people...
Five years have passed since the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, thanks to which we have acquired the greatest ally and met with the most powerful and friendly support from his side. During the past five years the Soviet Union has provided our country with all-round and systematic assistance in economic construction. This fraternal assistance is an important factor in the enormous development of socialist industrialization achieved by the Chinese people. Especially as a result of the talks between the government of the People's Republic of China and the government of the USSR in October last year, cooperation in the political, economic and cultural fields has become even closer, and the areas of cooperation even wider. These talks mark a new milestone in the development of relations between the PRC and the USSR and inspire the Chinese people to no end. The Chinese people will carry on the socialist construction of their country with ever greater energy.
As everyone knows, in the international arena the Chinese and Soviet peoples are steadfastly pursuing a genuine peace policy and are waging an unremitting struggle to ease international tension, to defend peace and against war, to promote international cooperation and to strengthen business ties with all countries.
One of the most important expressions of this peace policy is the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union. Especially last year, the USSR and the PRC showed initiative and took an active part in broad international activities aimed at easing tension in the international situation and at ensuring peace and security in the Far East and throughout the world. Thanks to this, they have achieved considerable success and received unanimous support from the peace-loving peoples of the whole world.
However, the American imperialists are taking every possible measure to pursue a policy of aggression and an arms race. Recently, the US government and the treacherous Chiang Kashli clique concluded a so-called "mutual security pact", and recently the US has additionally sent large units of naval and air forces to the area of Taiwan Island and the Taiwan Strait, openly undertook military provocations against the Chinese people . The whole world knows that Taiwan, the Penghuledao Islands and other offshore islands are an inalienable part of China's territory, and the Chinese people's liberation of their own territory is solely a matter of exercising their sovereign rights, in which the Chinese people will not allow anyone to interfere.
Historical facts show that the Chinese people are passionate about peace. We want peaceful coexistence with all countries and peaceful resolution of all international disputes. However, the Chinese people have never feared and never will fear a war against aggression. And if anyone dares to unleash an aggressive war against China, he will inevitably break his head and suffer a complete defeat. For militant elements, lovers of threats and provocations, there can be no other outcome. The Chinese people attach extremely great importance to the friendship between the peoples of the PRC, the USSR and the People's Democracies. The strengthening and development of the great camp of peace and democracy has been, is and will be the most powerful guarantee of peace and security in the Far East and throughout the world.
Dear comrades and friends! All the events of the past five years have convincingly shown that the relations of friendship and cooperation between the PRC and the USSR have been strengthening and developing every day. The development of these relations has greatly enriched the concrete content of the latest international relations of the camp of peace, democracy and socialism, and it will certainly penetrate into all areas of the life of the Chinese and Soviet peoples. There is no force in the world that could destroy these close, fraternal relations between the PRC and the USSR, just as there is no force that could hinder the development of the forces of the whole world aimed at protecting peace and against war, because our forces are mighty.
In conclusion, let me once again express my gratitude to all present here.
Long live the great Soviet people!
Long live the indestructible friendship between the peoples of China and the Soviet Union!
Long live world peace!
Telegram exchange. February 12, 1955Archive: Truth. Feb 14, 1955
118.
Exchange of telegrams between the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR K.E. Voroshilov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N.A. Bulganin, First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR V.M. Molotov and Chairman of the People's Republic of China Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China Liu Shaoqi, Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai
To the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Comrade K.E. Voroshilov
To the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Comrade N. A. Bulganin
To the First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Comrade V.M. Molotov
On the occasion of the fifth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between China and the Soviet Union, allow us, on behalf of the Chinese people and the government of the People's Republic of China, to extend warm congratulations to you and in your person to the great Soviet people and the Soviet government.
Over the past five years, all-round political, economic and cultural cooperation between China and the Soviet Union has been widely developed. The Soviet government and the Soviet people are providing all-round, systematic and deeply thought-out assistance to the Chinese people, who are now engaged in socialist construction. The Soviet government is assisting China in the construction and reconstruction of 156 large industrial enterprises and is sending large teams of the best specialists to help build in China. It repeatedly provided China with preferential loans, donated to China the property of the Chinese Changchun Railway, which was under the joint control of China and the Soviet Union *, as well as property acquired by Soviet organizations from Japanese owners in Northeast China in 1945 **,
Such friendly co-operation and sincere assistance have greatly advanced the development of construction in our country and thus demonstrated to the whole world the great vitality of such international relations of a new type. The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Chinese people are deeply aware of the boundless value of this fraternal friendship. On behalf of the government of the People's Republic of China and the Chinese people, we express our heartfelt gratitude to the Soviet government and the Soviet people for their great help.
The strengthening and development of the friendly alliance between China and the Soviet Union has an immeasurable impact on ensuring the security of our two countries and maintaining peace in the Far East and throughout the world. The peace policy of China and the Soviet Union promoted and contributed to the implementation of the armistice in Korea and the restoration of peace in Indochina, which led to a certain easing of international tension and inspired all peace-loving countries and peoples. The Chinese people warmly support the struggle of the Soviet Union for the establishment of a system of collective security in Europe and against the militarization of West Germany. China and the Soviet Union wish to establish normal relations with Japan and actively support the Japanese people in their progress along the path of independent development and international cooperation Sincere cooperation between China and the Soviet Union is not only in the interests of the peoples of China and the Soviet Union, but also in the interests of all peace-loving countries and the peoples of Asia, Europe and the whole world. It is a reliable guarantee of maintaining peace in the Far East and throughout the world.
The aggressive circles of the United States and their followers are everywhere pursuing a policy of war and creating international tension. The aggressive actions and military provocations against China now carried out by the United States in the Taiwan area are a serious threat to China's security, which is justly condemned by peace-loving countries and peoples around the world.
The struggle of the Chinese people to liberate their territory - Taiwan - is a just struggle. No force can stop a just cause. The friendly alliance between China and the Soviet Union, in the situation of new international tension, will certainly play an increasingly important role in resisting aggression and maintaining peace.
The Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between China and the Soviet Union is a great peace treaty, a symbol of the great friendship between China and the Soviet Union. The events of the past five years testify to the great role of this treaty in promoting the cause of world peace and the progress of mankind. Life and practice in the future will show even more clearly the tremendous power and unfading radiance of this contract.
May the great friendship between China and the Soviet Union develop day by day for the sake of the common prosperity of the peoples of China and the Soviet Union and the strengthening of peace in the Far East and throughout the world.
Long live the eternal, indestructible friendship between the peoples of China and the Soviet Union!
Chairman of the People's Republic of China
Mao Zedong
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China
Liu Shaoqi
Premier of the State Council, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
Zhou Enlai
* See doc. 19, 34, 36.
** See: Soviet-Chinese Relations... - pp. 170-172.
*** See doc. 95.
**** See doc. 18, 94.
***** See doc. 109.February 13, 1955
To the Chairman of the People's Republic of China, Comrade Mao Zedong
To the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China, Comrade Liu Shaoqi
To the Premier of the State Council, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Comrade Zhou Enlai
On the occasion of the fifth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China, we send you, dear comrades, and in your person to the great Chinese people and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, our heartfelt congratulations.
The five years that have elapsed since the signing of the treaty testify to the steady development and strengthening of fraternal friendship and all-round cooperation between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, based on the principles of equality, mutual respect for national interests and the desire to provide each other with comprehensive assistance and support.
Soviet-Chinese friendship and fraternal mutual assistance, which is growing stronger every day, play an outstanding role in economic development and the further improvement of the well-being of the peoples of our countries.
The unbreakable friendship between the peoples of the USSR and China and their joint struggle for peace and security are of paramount importance today, when aggressive circles are striving to aggravate the international situation, especially in the Far East. This friendship reliably protects the peaceful labor of our peoples and is a bulwark of peace and security throughout the world.
We wish you and the entire Chinese people continued success in building and strengthening the new people's democratic state.
May the friendship and cooperation between the USSR and China, which are a reliable pillar of peace and international security, grow stronger and develop!
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
K.E. Voroshilov
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
ON. Bulganin
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR
V.M. Molotov
Speeches at a solemn meeting in Beijing dedicated to the fifth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. February 13, 1955Archive: People's Daily. 1955. Feb. 14, translated from Chinese. lang.
119.
Speech by the Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Soong Ching Ling*
Dear comrades, friends!
Today, the All-China Committee of the People's Political Consultative Council of the People's Republic of China, together with the central branch of the Sino-Soviet Friendship Society, are enthusiastically holding a solemn meeting on the occasion of the fifth anniversary of the signing of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance. First of all, let me, on behalf of the Chinese people, express my best wishes and sincere gratitude to our great ally, the Soviet Union, its government and people!
The current era is an era of large-scale development of resources and the creation of a material base, an era of grandiose construction and production. To carry out the tasks before us requires the collective labor of the broad masses of the people. This is the era of active participation of the people in democratic reforms and the struggle for socialism. The striving for independence of the oppressed nations acquired a decisive and irresistible character.
At the same time, this era gave rise to weapons of mass destruction, which caused an increase in the public consciousness of the masses. Mankind has realized the need for peaceful coexistence between states so that together, using the achievements of science and technology, to eradicate poverty and satisfy the vital needs of people.
Today, a new type of relations between states is emerging, based on friendship and mutual assistance, which marks a completely new stage in the economic, political and social development of all mankind. The Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China and other people's democracies are actively participating in this process. In a region where one third of the world's population - more than 900 million people - lives, mutual ties and solidarity between peoples are growing stronger. This opens the way to universal peace, to which all peace-loving countries aspire.
The emergence of a new type of international relations in the early stages of human development was impossible. They arose only after the formation of states of a new formation, in which the people took political power into their own hands and decided to follow the socialist path of development pioneered by the Soviet Union. Thanks to the advanced socialist goals and methods among the peoples of these states, it has become possible to build international relations on the basis of genuine equality, respect for national independence, fraternal cooperation and mutual assistance.
The socialist states, together with the countries advancing along the path of building socialism, have a common goal. This is the continuous growth and improvement of socialist production based on high technology to meet the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the whole society. Our progress, our successes serve the benefit of all mankind. This is the vital source of the idea of socialism. This idea unites the peoples of different countries in the same way as it unites different peoples within one state. Such an idea is incompatible with national prejudices and enmity; it ensures political and economic unity. It does not use production technologies as a weapon to fight other peoples, but serves for the benefit of humanity,
Despite the fact that the history of the existence of these new international relations is very short, it has already shown that it is precisely between the states that imprinted these ideas on their banners that good-neighborly relations develop, and it is they that promote peaceful coexistence with other states in every possible way. These relations have already proved that they are better than the relations that previously existed between peoples. For the first time in relations between states, the desire for profit, which was their driving force, disappeared. It was replaced by the desire for mutual benefit and universal progress. Therefore, in the new international relations there are no conflicts that could not be resolved, and contradictions that could not be resolved. The ties that bind these states and peoples are growing stronger and continuously developing.
The new type of relations developing between states is of great historical significance. For countries that are classified as backward or with slow development, this example plays a decisive role. In the capitalist world, these states are under economic pressure from the so-called developed countries, they are brutally exploited. The achievements of science and technology are used not to enable the peoples to overcome their economic backwardness, but to plunge them into even greater poverty and hinder their progressive development. Naturally, in the end, such a situation inevitably leads to mutual alienation and the growth of protest moods, since the oppressed people in the colonies seek to get rid of the yoke tightened around their necks.
Now these peoples, who make up a significant part of humanity, have learned that advanced and backward states have another path of mutual rapprochement, this is a path built on the basis of universal equality. They realized what the dominance of strong powers over the weak is. They saw that this kind of relationship was gradually being replaced by a new, higher form of relationships, with the aim of transforming these states into advanced countries.
The close cooperation between the USSR and the PRC over the past five years has become not only clear evidence, but also evidence of how perfect relations of a new type can be in practice. Sino-Soviet relations have already become a model of sorts. For backward states in all parts of the world, dreams are becoming reality. An example of such ties between peoples has already taken a leading place in the history of human development. The Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the USSR and the PRC, concluded in February 1950, and other documents, in particular those signed in October 1954 in Beijing, are of great historical significance and contribute to strengthening peace and progress.
New China is a state that has just risen from the ruins of many years of oppression. We are faced with the difficult task of industrializing the country and transforming agriculture over the course of several five-year plans. This is one of the most difficult tasks in the history of mankind. Despite the fact that we have to do hard work, make certain sacrifices, give our all to study, we are confident that our goal will certainly be achieved. Where does such confidence come from?
First, we are full of faith in ourselves. The history of our people, whether in ancient times or at the present stage, testifies that we are not afraid of difficulties and we will always find a way to overcome them. The revolutionary struggle has hardened the Chinese people, so we are able to overcome any trials before us. Secondly, we have the direct support and assistance of the fraternal countries, especially the Soviet Union, as well as all the progressive peoples of the world.
Our great neighbor and friend, the USSR, is sending to China the necessary equipment, machinery and equipment in order to replenish our understaffed industry in a relatively short time. The scale of this assistance was unparalleled anywhere and never. It will allow us to create a basis for building socialism, prosperity and happiness, for gradually increasing the contribution that we make to the development of the peoples of Asian countries.
This guarantee is important not only because it plays a decisive role in the upliftment of one quarter of the world's population, but also because it has another, no less important, significance.
Industrialization is a complex and very costly business. It goes slowly, because it takes a long time to build huge factories. Production will begin only after the investment of colossal funds, raw materials and labor, and besides, the broad masses of the people cannot immediately benefit from this production. This will only happen after some progress has been made.
Nevertheless, the results of industrialization are still necessary for the life of every person of the present era. Knowledge about the amazing modern life has already penetrated into every corner. Given the need for significant funds, technological knowledge and time, backward countries, in addition to relying on their own resources, have to seek help from other states. This fact must be understood from the point of view of the current situation in the world.
For the sake of capturing markets and sources of raw materials, capitalist states use all sorts of methods of military and economic aggression against backward countries with the aim of subordinating their peoples to industrially developed capitalist countries. They encourage the backward countries to absorb the surplus capital of the industrial countries, but necessarily in accordance with the plans and aims of the latter. This slows down the modernization process and makes borrowing countries dependent on investor countries. Borrowing countries become markets for the products of investor countries. Ultimately, the states are bogged down in debt, their people are enslaved. Between the majority of people and the small group that controls the economy, a huge gap remains and continues to widen.
This has been the case in the past, and it is the same in most parts of the world today. Nevertheless, Sino-Soviet cooperation testifies to great changes in relations between states. China, with the disinterested help of the Soviet Union, is carrying out industrialization in a new way. The peoples of many countries are paying serious attention to this fact, and it will certainly find a response among all peoples who demand independence and progress for their homeland.
For many nations, it is obvious that the USSR provided the foreign capital necessary for China on credit at 1-2%, which for a fairly long time will be reimbursed at prices unprecedented in the history of Chinese foreign trade through the supply of goods that China is ready to export. In a number of cases, the Soviet people satisfied the needs of Chinese brothers and sisters free of charge. Soviet assistance has always been aimed at solving China's key problems. For the construction of heavy industry enterprises in a number of regions, the Soviet Union provided technical designs. In this case, the goal was not to restrict, but to stimulate the PRC to rapid and comprehensive development. The USSR supported China's aspirations.
Following the internal development, our external relations have also undergone changes. The fraternal ties between the PRC and the Soviet Union, as well as our relations with other people's democracies, have provided for our basic needs. We may well exist, independent of the markets of the capitalist world, rebuilding the economy in accordance with the methods that we ourselves consider the most suitable. This is how we protect the sovereignty of our country. This is the new position of China in the field of foreign trade, which is of the utmost importance for world trade as a whole.
The emergence of a new world market, alternative to the capitalist one, stimulated the desire of the backward countries to determine their own policy. Today they are no longer ready to endure their current situation. Of course, this is a lesson learned from the experience of China. Now a choice is possible between the two world systems, while the new world order, incl. personified by the USSR, is quite capable of supplying equipment and sharing experience on preferential terms, helping other countries to conduct peaceful construction. There is one major difference between the two world systems. The key tenet of capitalism in the modern age is to maximize profits, especially by exploiting backward countries and enslaving their peoples. The basic principle of the new world order is not only a firm and inexorable adherence to the principle of equality between states, but also a strict fulfillment of the requirement for the mutual benefit of economic ties for both sides.
This new type of relationship of a higher level is applicable both within the framework of the new world market and in interaction with capitalist states. Activities in accordance with these principles cannot but affect the general situation in the world economy. It is economic relations of this kind that are capable of putting an end to the inequality that has long been experienced by backward countries in the field of trade, opening the way for the development of their industry and increasing access to foreign markets for food and raw materials. The result will be an increase in the standard of living in these countries, an increase in their purchasing power to purchase goods from the industrial countries. It is obvious that this will increase the trade turnover between different countries everywhere and will be beneficial for both world markets.
These are the advantages of a new, higher type of trade relations. In addition, it must be borne in mind that they are far from being exhausted.
Following the further development of the economies of the states of the new world market, their economic plans begin to interact and coordinate with each other. This is the way of further movement towards a more optimal joint use of industrial production capacities and natural resources of various countries. From a global point of view, this is a new and extremely important phenomenon, which shows where we will come when all countries have reached a certain level of maturity in politics and economics.
This situation has developed in the new world market for a very simple reason: brotherly countries do not need to be afraid of political, economic and cultural aggression from each other. Science overcomes state borders and develops freely. A wide standardization of industrial and other products is being carried out, which contributes to an increase in the level of specialization of production and a decrease in production costs and administrative management costs. Through the interaction and coordination of economic plans, each country can find its own way of development and prosperity in accordance with natural conditions and with the help of complete equipment and a large number of resources supplied under one or more long-term economic agreements according to its own needs.
The interaction and coordination of economic plans is not carried out to the detriment of the interests of one of the countries, but is determined by its production conditions. Each country contributes to the development of the other. The economic situation of these states is equal, regardless of the ratio of their production capacities, which guarantees the continuous growth of their economies and the stability of the markets, and also allows the peoples of various countries to achieve an unprecedented standard of living. Among all the people's democracies of Europe and Asia, there are many concrete examples where such results are mutually beneficial.
Ties in the political and cultural spheres are built on the basis of the spirit of friendship and brotherhood. This friendship between our peoples is priceless. We vigilantly protect it, use every opportunity to strengthen and deepen this friendship, make efforts so that it exists forever and is not destroyed under the influence of temporary, natural factors and artificial barriers. This friendship is a reliable guarantee of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of our countries, as well as the main force in the struggle for world peace.
Our relations in politics are based on strong friendship. On its basis, we have achieved mutual understanding and the resolution of disagreements and disputes that could not be overcome for many years, or even centuries. At the same time, the starting point for all decisions was the principle of the greatest benefit for both contracting parties.
Cultural ties between our countries have raised bilateral relations to an unprecedented level. Useful exchanges in literature, theater and art are increasing day by day. Song and dance ensembles, consisting of hundreds of people, tour China and Russia. Their repertoire includes classical and contemporary works. A real festival of films of the two countries unfolded in front of a mass and hospitable audience. Close cooperation and exchanges between scientists and specialists, between the bodies and departments of the two countries are the driving force behind the progressive ideas of mankind. This is based on the principle: every deed and every knowledge is for the benefit of the rapid progress of the whole people.
It is quite obvious that the peoples of the USSR, China and all the people's democracies strive to carry out construction, helping each other on the road to the future. They strive for peace because they know that it is an important condition for the realization of their noble plans. In addition, they have their own territory and resources and have never encroached on the territory and resources of other states, only counting on sincere friendship between the peoples of all countries. All this enables our countries to build a foreign policy on the basis of peaceful coexistence.
This means that we are in the forefront of the struggle to ease international tension, to ensure collective security in Europe, to maintain and consolidate peace in Asia, and to establish normal diplomatic and trade relations with all countries (no matter how different their systems may be). and customs from ours).
We are convinced that the call for a peaceful competition between different systems and ideas is in line with the views of the majority of mankind. We believe that in advocating this approach, we readily assume this responsibility and will spare no effort to fulfill it. In this way, our solidarity will be strengthened, which, in turn, will lead to even greater achievements in our relations - relations of a new type and on a higher level. We believe that this is a weighty force in international affairs, capable of stopping any aggressor. This influence plays a decisive role in the development of mankind on the way to a beautiful future.
Long live the great and indestructible friendship between the peoples of China and the USSR!
Long live the peaceful, democratic, socialist camp headed by the USSR!
Long live world peace!
* On the same day, Soong Ching Ling's article "A New Higher Type of Relations Between Peoples" was published in the Pravda newspaper.
Speech by the Charge d'Affaires of the USSR in the PRC Ya.M. Lomakin
Comrade Chairman! Dear comrades and friends!
Five years ago, the peoples of the two greatest countries of the world, having concluded an agreement, created an indestructible foundation for mutual fraternal cooperation in the economic and cultural spheres. This event was of world historical significance.
The signing on February 14, 1950 of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the USSR and the PRC greatly strengthened the creative forces of the peoples of the two countries and united us in a joint desire to achieve further prosperity and a happy life.
The Great October Socialist Revolution laid the foundation for friendship between our peoples. The Soviet people have always been filled with a deep and sincere feeling of friendship and respect for the great Chinese people and their heroic liberation struggle against the oppression of feudalism and imperialism.
Relations between the peoples of the USSR and China are based on the principles of fraternal friendship and good neighborliness. However, the enemies of the Soviet and Chinese peoples are afraid of establishing close ties between us and are preventing this in every possible way.
The Chinese people, under the leadership of the valiant, battle-tested Communist Party of China, defeated the internal and external reactionary forces and won a great victory, creating favorable conditions for the development of close friendship between the Soviet and Chinese peoples on a powerful historical foundation.
In the past five years, fraternal friendship and cooperation between the USSR and China has reached an unprecedented level. This has found expression in all spheres - political, economic and cultural.
The communique published on October 12, 1954, following the results of Soviet-Chinese negotiations and joint Soviet-Chinese declarations on the most important issues, became new evidence of the continuous strengthening of friendship and cooperation.
These documents demonstrated the greatest strength of the new type of socialist relations between our peoples. All the peace-loving peoples of the world warmly welcomed the results of the Soviet-Chinese talks in Peking, regarding them as an important contribution to the further strengthening of peace and security.
In five years, the life of the Chinese people has undergone tremendous changes. The Communist Party and the People's Government of China creatively used the ideas of the invincible revolutionary teaching of Marxism-Leninism and, relying on the broad enthusiasm of the masses, quickly restored everything that had been destroyed by the imperialists and launched socialist construction.
The huge successes that the Chinese people managed to achieve in a short time are already enshrined in law in the constitution of the People's Republic of China, which received the support of 600 million people in China during a nationwide discussion. The Soviet people greeted with great joy the news that the fraternal friendship of the Soviet and Chinese peoples is now inscribed in gold in the basic law of the PRC. The Soviet people are fully convinced that, as stated in the constitution of the People's Republic of China, "this friendship will continue to develop and grow stronger."
The position of the PRC in the international arena has been significantly strengthened. China is no longer an object of exploitation by the imperialist powers, it has become an engine of progress, a decisive and powerful factor in the development of the Asia-Pacific region. The People's Republic of China has won the sympathy and friendship of the peoples of Asia and the whole world. The Soviet people sincerely wish you, dear friends, to achieve even greater success, further prosperity and happiness!
Today, such Asian countries as India, Burma and Indonesia, together with the PRC, are in favor of resolving international conflicts by peaceful means.
The pathetic Washington politicians are cornered and can only engage in vile intimidation by banking on the anti-popular scum of the Chiang Kai-shek gang. They are trying to commit various provocations against the Chinese people. However, the US imperialists will not be intimidated by the 600 million Chinese people, who have already proven themselves to be invincible and have the will and determination to defend their own security and independence. The frantic plans of the Americans to regain their dominance over the territory of China have a place only in the dustbin of history.
The Soviet people fervently hope that the great Chinese people will liberate Taiwan and achieve their sovereignty over it. The Soviet people firmly believe that the cause of the Chinese people is right, victory will be theirs!
The indestructible alliance between the USSR, the PRC and the people's democracies is a powerful bulwark of peace and security throughout the world. Friendly relations between our countries are strong and indestructible. They were formed in the course of the common struggle for peace and international security. Strong ties in the economy and culture, mutual trust and disinterestedness, fraternal friendship between our states have made this alliance strong and indestructible.
On the occasion of the fifth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the USSR and the PRC, the Soviet people warmly congratulate the fraternal Chinese people and the government of the PRC on new successes in industrializing the country, developing agriculture and improving the well-being of the people, as well as in strengthening the people's -democratic state.
May mutual assistance between the USSR and the PRC, a powerful factor of peace throughout the world, continuously develop and grow stronger!
Long live the eternal indestructible fraternal friendship between our peoples!
Speech by Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N.A. Bulganin. February 14, 1955Archive: Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. -109 - 00598 - 01, translated from Chinese. lang.
120.
Speech by Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N.A. Bulganin at a reception at the PRC Embassy in the USSR on the occasion of the fifth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China .*
Dear comrade ambassador, comrades, gentlemen!
The treaty, the signing of which we are celebrating today, is indeed of great historical significance. It was developed and concluded with the personal participation of Comrades. I.V. Stalin and Mao Zedong. It is based on the principles of equality and mutual assistance. The Treaty is called upon to promote the economic recovery of the two countries and the growth of the well-being of our peoples.
The political significance of this treaty lies in its focus on strengthening peace throughout the world.
Of course, this agreement does not suit everyone, there are those who do not like it. But not everyone likes the path that the People's Republic of China has chosen either, there are forces that prevent China from following the chosen path.
I think that the Chinese people, under the leadership of their wise government and leader Mao Zedong, will overcome all difficulties no matter what and will continue to follow the chosen path of communism.
We, representatives of the Soviet government, have come here today to convey our congratulations to the government of the PRC, and through it to the entire Chinese people. We wish you even greater success in the fight against any attempts to hinder your progress.
You can always count on our help, on the help of the Soviet people. Helping you is like helping a friend - when it is needed, then it is provided. We will provide you with all possible assistance.
Please raise your glasses to Sino-Soviet friendship!
For the great Chinese people!
For the People's Government of China!
For Chairman of the People's Republic of China Mao Zedong!
*The text of the speech could not be found in the Russian archives.
Speech by Chairman of the People's Republic of China Mao Zedong. February 14, 1955Archive: People's Daily. 1955. Feb. 15, translated from Chinese. lang.
121.
Speech by Chairman of the People's Republic of China Mao Zedong at a reception at the USSR Embassy in China on the occasion of the fifth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
I welcome the great cooperation between China and the Soviet Union!
This cooperation is aimed at developing the cause of socialism, against the predatory plans of imperialism, for the sake of world peace. I am sure that this cooperation will be further strengthened.
I believe that thanks to the cooperation of our two great countries, China and the Soviet Union, the perfidious designs of the imperialists will inevitably be frustrated. If the imperialists unleash a war, we, together with the peoples of the whole world, will certainly crush them.
I ask you to raise your glasses to the health of Comrade Voroshilov, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR!
Note of the USSR Embassy in the People's Republic of China in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. March 7, 1955Archive: AVPRF. F. 179. Op. 35a. P. 24. D. 1. L. 3.
122.
The Embassy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the People's Republic of China pays tribute to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC and, in response to the note of the PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs of February 20, 1955, signed by the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the PRC, Comrade Zhang Wentian*, has the honor to announce that the Government of the USSR agrees with the proposal of the Government of the People's Republic of China to establish from March 1, 1955 a new rate of the Chinese yuan - 1 yuan for 2 rubles, and in connection with this, with the corresponding change in Art. I of the Soviet-Chinese Protocol of September 22, 1953
* The note, in particular, said: “[...] by the decision of the Government of the People's Republic of China, from March 1, 1955, new yuan is issued and the old yuan is annulled. The new yuan is still called the yuan, which will serve as the unit of decimal currency. The old yuan will be converted into new yuan at the rate of 10,000 old yuan for one new yuan.
In this regard, it should be included in Art. I Protocol on the exchange rate of the Yuan of the People's Bank in relation to the ruble, signed by the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on September 22, 1953:
“All settlements on non-trade payments between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, provided for by the Agreement between the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on non-trade payments of November 4, 1950 and notes between the Chinese government of June 21, 1952 . and the Soviet Government of August 18, 1952, are produced from March 1, 1955 at the rate of one people's yuan for two rubles.
If this proposal of the Government of the PRC receives the consent of the Government of the USSR, this note and your response note will serve as an integral part of the Protocol on the exchange rate of the yuan of the People's Bank of China against the ruble, signed by the Governments of the PRC and the USSR on September 22, 1953, this integral part of the protocol will enter in force from the date of exchange of notes. [...]”. (AVP RF. F. 0100. Op. 42. P. 165. D. 5. L. 72).
Note of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China to the Embassy of the USSR in the People's Republic of China. March 11, 1955Archive: WUA RF. F. 100. Op. 42. P. 165. D. 5. L. 91-92.
123.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC shows its respect to the Embassy of the USSR in the PRC and has the honor to ask for assistance in the following:
In order to study the advanced experience of the Soviet Union in the field of sports movement, the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports of the PRC intends to send:
1. Men's and women's basketball teams consisting of a team leader, coach, referee, translator, as well as male and female athletes, totaling 50 people. Time of arrival in the USSR - April 1955; the term of study in the USSR is 3 months (from April to June), the form of study - in addition to training under the guidance of coaches from the Soviet side, it is also desirable to hold friendly competitions with the Soviet team.
2. Men's and women's teams of gymnasts and a men's team of weightlifters, consisting of a leader, coach, translator, athletes, in total 40 people, arrival time in the Soviet Union - May 1955; study in the Soviet Union for two months (from May to June); we ask the Soviet side to provide trainers for training. The place of training of the above two teams is desirable, if possible, to determine on the spot.
Round-trip travel expenses, as well as all expenses associated with the stay in the Soviet Union of the above teams, the Chinese side takes over.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs thanks the embassy for its assistance in resolving this issue and for communicating the decision*.
* April 28, 1955 during a conversation with the head of the Far Eastern Department of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs I.F. Kurdyukov with Wen Bing, adviser to the PRC Embassy in the USSR, the Chinese side was informed of the agreement of the Soviet organizations to accept the PRC basketball team in April, and weightlifters and gymnasts in May 1955.
Note of the USSR Embassy in the People's Republic of China in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. April 19, 1955Archive: AVPRF. F. 100. Op. 42. P. 168. D 29. L. 7-8.
124.
Dear Comrade Minister,
I have the honor to inform you that the government of the USSR has decided to transfer free of charge to the People's Republic of China the Manchuria station of the Trans-Baikal Railway with the adjacent section of the 1524 mm gauge railway line, as well as the section of the railway from the USSR state border to the Chinese border station Suifenghe with all real estate *.
To carry out the transfer by Soviet organizations of the aforementioned station, section of the railway and property and their acceptance by representatives of the People's Republic of China, it is planned to create a Mixed Soviet-Chinese Commission of 4 people. from each side. The composition of the Soviet part of the Commission was communicated by the USSR Embassy to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC on March 16 of this year. The wish is expressed that the said Commission begin its work on June 1 and complete it within a month, i.e. by July 1, 1955
I take this opportunity, Comrade Minister, to express my deep respect to you**.
P.Yudin
* See doc. 128.
** See doc. 125.
Note of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China to the Embassy of the USSR in the People's Republic of China. April 23, 1955Archive: AVPRF. F. 100. Op. 42. P. 165. D. 5. L. 117-118.
125.
Dear Comrade Ambassador,
Received your note dated April 19, 1955*
On behalf of the Government of the People's Republic of China, I have the honor to express gratitude to the Government of the USSR in connection with the decision of the Government of the USSR to transfer to the People's Republic of China the Manchuria station of the Trans-Baikal Railway with the adjacent section of the railway line, as well as the section of the railway to the Suifenghe station with all real estate, free of charge.
The Chinese government agrees to the proposal of the Soviet government to create a Mixed Soviet-Chinese Commission of 4 people. from each party so that the said Commission begins its work on June 1 and completes it within a month**.
The Chinese government has decided to appoint the following representatives of the Chinese side to participate in the Joint Soviet-Chinese Commission:
Head - Yu Guangsheng, Deputy Minister of Railways and Head of the Harbin Railway Department;
Representatives:
Wang Guangwyn, Deputy Head of the Harbin Railway Department; Lan Guoshin, head of the track service department of the Harbin Railway Administration; Zhao Zongheng, Head of the Overseas Liaison Office of the International Transportation Bureau of the Ministry of Railways.
I take this opportunity, Comrade Ambassador, to express my deep respect to you.
Zhang Wentian
* See doc. 124.
** See doc. 128.
Soviet-Chinese Communiqué. May 26, 1955Archive: News. 1955. May 26.
126.
Soviet-Chinese Communiqué on the withdrawal of Soviet military units from the jointly used Chinese naval base of Port Arthur and on the free transfer of facilities in the area to the PRC
In accordance with the Soviet-Chinese agreement on Port Arthur of February 14, 1950, as well as in accordance with the Soviet-Chinese communiqué on the withdrawal of Soviet military units from the jointly used Chinese naval base Port Arthur and on the transition of this base to full Decree of the People's Republic of China dated October 12, 1954*, the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics withdrew its military units from the jointly used Chinese naval base Port Arthur and donated to the government of the People's Republic of China installations in this area, and the government of the People's Republic of China accepted at its full disposal the naval base of Port Arthur, as well as facilities in the area.
The withdrawal of Soviet military units from the jointly used Chinese naval base of Port Arthur and the transfer to the People's Republic of China of installations in this area are formalized by the Final Protocol signed on May 24, 1955 by the Soviet-Chinese joint military commission in Port Arthur, formed in accordance with the agreement dated February 14, 1950
The work of the Soviet-Chinese commission for the implementation of measures related to the withdrawal of Soviet military units and the transfer of installations in the area of the naval base of Port Arthur to the government of the People's Republic of China took place in an atmosphere of complete mutual understanding and friendly cooperation.
* See doc. 94.
Protocol of the mixed Soviet-Chinese commission. June 15, 1955Archive: AVPRF. F. Za. Op. 1. P. 65. D. 320. L. 1-5.
128.
Protocol of the mixed Soviet-Chinese commission on the gratuitous transfer to the People's Republic of China of the Manchuria station of the Trans-Baikal railway and the adjacent section of the 1,524 mm gauge railway line, as well as the railway section of the Far Eastern Railway from the state border to the Chinese border station Suifynhe with all real estate railway property of the USSR
1. In accordance with the agreement between the Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China, the following representatives to the Mixed Soviet-Chinese Commission from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics:
1. Tyshkov R.A.
2. Malakhov M.A.
3. Prozorovsky I.V.
4. Ivanov A.A.
handed over free of charge, and representatives from the People's Republic of China:
1. Yu Guangsheng
2. Wang Guangwyn
3. Lan Guoshin
4. Zhao Zongheng
accepted the Manchuria station of the Trans-Baikal Railway and the adjacent section of the 1,524 mm gauge railway line to the state border, as well as the railway section of the Far Eastern Railway from the state border to the Chinese border station Suifynhe with all the existing real estate railway property of the USSR:
a) at Manchuria station: station premises, station tracks of 1524 mm gauge, arrangement of locomotive and wagon facilities with equipment, loading and unloading areas and cargo warehouses, stationary wagon scales, service and technical, civil and industrial buildings, means and communication lines, fuel and storage facilities, electric lighting network, water supply facilities;
b) sections of railway lines: 1524 mm gauge from the state border to Manchuria station and from the state border to Suifynhe station with all railway artificial and civil structures and facilities and other real estate listed on the balance sheet of the Transbaikal and Far Eastern Railways.
The People's Republic of China was also given all the other immovable railway property of the USSR, which turned out to be in kind at the time of the transfer.
2. The transfer to the People's Republic of China of the railway property of the USSR, referred to in paragraph 1 of this Protocol, is formalized by acceptance certificates signed by all members of the Mixed Soviet-Chinese Commission.
3. Schemes of structures, plans of land plots, contracts, bills of sale and other documents related to the transferred property were transferred to the Chinese Party according to a special inventory, which is attached to the acceptance certificates.
4. The Chinese Party undertakes the settlement and settlement of all claims that, after the transfer of the property specified in paragraph 1, may be brought by third parties in relation to this property.
5. From July 1, 1955, the performance of all operations at the Manchuria station, as well as the maintenance of all facilities at this station and on the adjacent section of the 1,524 mm gauge railway line, as well as on the railway section from the state border to the Suifenghe border station, will be carried out by employees railways of the People's Republic of China.
6. This protocol was drawn up and signed in Harbin on June 15, 1955, in two copies, each in Russian and Chinese, both texts being equally authentic.
(Signatures)
Communiqué on holding the second session of the Soviet-Chinese commission for scientific and technical cooperation between the USSR and the PRC. July 6, 1955Archive: Truth. 1955. July 6.
129.
The other day, the second session of the Soviet-Chinese Commission for Scientific and Technical Cooperation between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China ended its work in Peking.
At the session, regular issues of scientific and technical cooperation were considered and a protocol was approved that defines the mutual obligations of the parties to provide technical assistance in various areas of the national economy.
In accordance with the protocol, the Soviet Union will provide gratuitous assistance to the People's Republic of China by transferring technical documentation for the construction of mines, processing plants, power plants, a locomotive building, car building, oil refinery and glass factories, steam locomotive and car depots and other structures, working drawings for the production of rolling mills, hydro turbines , steam locomotives, machine tools, pumps and other machines and technological documentation for the production of high-quality steel and rolled products, varnishes, paints and enamels and other types of industrial products. Soviet scientific and technical literature, curricula and programs, standards, samples of seeds of agricultural crops and medical preparations will also be handed over.
In addition, Soviet organizations will receive Chinese specialists to familiarize themselves with the experience of a number of industries.
The People's Republic of China, for its part, will transfer to the Soviet Union, free of charge, technical documentation for the production of silk, cellulose, paper, reinforced concrete pipes, drying oil from tung oil, a number of food and chemical products, planting material for oil and essential oil crops, and seeds of trees and shrubs.
The Chinese organizations will acquaint a group of Soviet specialists with the experience of certain light and food industries in the PRC.
During the session, the Soviet delegation got acquainted with a number of industrial enterprises, construction sites, cultural and scientific institutions in Peking, Wuhan, Shanghai and Shenyang.
The work of the session proceeded in an atmosphere of friendly mutual understanding.
Convention between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the People's Republic of China on Quarantine and Control of Pests and Diseases of Agricultural Plants. August 16, 1955Archive: AVPRF. F. Za. Op. 1. P. 67. D. 327.
130.
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the People's Republic of China, deeming it necessary to take more effective measures to eliminate losses in agriculture from plant pests and diseases, decided to conclude a Convention on the Quarantine and Control of Pests and Diseases of Agricultural Plants and for this purpose appointed followed by the names of the Plenipotentiaries) who, after exchanging their full powers, found in due form, have agreed as follows:
Article I
Both Contracting Parties will systematically conduct plant surveys on their territories to detect infestation with pests and diseases (hereinafter referred to as quarantine pests and plant diseases) specified in Appendix No. 1 to this Convention, and take the necessary measures to localize and eliminate foci of quarantine pests and diseases. plants by chemical, biological, agrotechnical and all other methods.
Article II
Each of the Contracting Parties undertakes not to allow the entry of quarantine pests and diseases specified in Annex No. 1 to this Convention with the plant cargoes exported by it to the other Contracting Party or by other means into the territory of the other Contracting Party, and when exporting planting material of plants, in addition, quarantine pests and diseases. pests, diseases and persistent weeds listed in Annex No. 2 to this Convention.
To this end, both Contracting Parties undertake to carry out a thorough quarantine check of seeds, seedlings, bulbs, tubers, cuttings, stems, cuttings, as well as grain, beans, fruits, cotton fiber and other goods of plant origin exported to the other Contracting Party, and supply these cargoes with a certificate (quarantine certificate) issued by the official quarantine or plant protection authorities of the exporting country, certifying that the cargoes are not infected with quarantine pests, diseases and noxious weeds specified in Annexes No. 1 and No. 2.
If it is impossible to deliver goods that are not infected with quarantine pests, diseases and persistent weeds of plants mentioned in Annexes No. 1 and No. 2, the Parties shall study the situation and decide on the possibility of shipment of goods in each case separately.
The Contracting Parties undertake to avoid the use of straw, leaves and other waste of agricultural plants as packaging material in trade exchange between them, and instead use sawdust, wood shavings, moss and other packaging materials, based on the conditions of the exporting country. Plants imported and exported by both Contracting Parties must be cleared of soil.
Article III
Both Contracting Parties have agreed that the lists of quarantine pests, diseases and noxious weeds (Appendices No. 1 and No. 2), in relation to which this Convention provides for measures, may be changed in the future by agreement of the Parties.
Article IV
Both Contracting Parties shall take all measures in their power to protect their territories from the penetration of quarantine pests and plant diseases from third countries.
To this end, each of the Parties shall issue rules on its territory, according to which the import of plant materials from any third state will be carried out with the consent of the relevant bodies of the Ministry of Agriculture, which determine and establish quarantine conditions for the import and sale of imported goods.
Article V
Both Contracting Parties undertake to establish on their territories certain border points through which it is possible to import and export goods of plant origin and to carry out a thorough check of such goods in relation to their infestation with quarantine pests and plant diseases, and also to gradually equip these points with disinfestation chambers for the disinfection of plant goods. , and, if necessary, means for carrying out tests for pests and diseases.
Article VI
Both Contracting Parties agree to sell at the request of the other Party the equipment, machines, devices, pesticides and other materials necessary for carrying out quarantine measures in the fight against pests and diseases of agricultural plants.
In case of mass reproduction of plant pests and diseases that threaten agriculture on the territory of one of the Contracting Parties, both Parties agree to help each other by sending specialists and necessary equipment to the Contracting Party that has made such a request to eliminate centers of mass reproduction of quarantine and other dangerous pests and plant diseases.
Both Contracting Parties also undertake to assist each other in the fight against the Asiatic locust in such a way as to prevent locust flights across the border from the territory of one of the Contracting Parties to the territory of the other.
Both Contracting Parties agreed to carry out joint research work to study especially dangerous quarantine pests and plant diseases and to find effective methods of combating them.
The conditions for conducting joint activities for the study of pests and diseases of agricultural plants and their control in each individual case will be determined by mutual agreement of the Parties.
Article VII
Both Contracting Parties agree to inform each other:
1. On laws, regulations, rules and instructions related to quarantine and control of pests and diseases of agricultural plants, regulating the import and export of consignments of plant origin, as they are issued.
2. On the results of a survey of agricultural crops carried out in order to identify quarantine pests and plant diseases, on the areas of their distribution and the degree of harmfulness, as well as on the results of measures taken to combat them and eliminate breeding centers.
Such information is submitted once per calendar year, namely, in the month of December.
In the event of the appearance of especially dangerous quarantine pests and diseases, the foci of which will be detected for the first time, information is provided immediately.
Article VIII
Both Contracting Parties agreed to convene annual Soviet-Chinese conferences on quarantine and control of pests and diseases of agricultural plants to resolve practical issues related to the implementation of this Convention, as well as for the purpose of mutual information and exchange of experience in the implementation of measures provided for by this Convention.
Conferences are convened alternately in the USSR and the PRC. The dates and place of their convocation are established by mutual agreement of the Parties.
Article IX
This Convention shall be subject to ratification as soon as possible and shall enter into force after the exchange of instruments of ratification, which will take place in Moscow*.
The Convention is concluded for five years, counting from the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification.
If, one year before the expiration of this Convention, one of the Contracting Parties does not declare in writing the termination of the Convention, it will be considered automatically renewed each time for the next five-year period, subject to the same condition of denunciation.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Plenipotentiaries have signed this Convention and have affixed their seals thereto.
Done at Beijing on August 16, 1955, in duplicate, each in Russian and Chinese, both texts being equally authentic.
Appendix No. 1
List of quarantine pests and plant diseases
1.
Pink worm - cotton moth
Pectinophora gossypiella Sound
2.
Colorado potato beetle
Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say
3.
potato moth
Gnorimoschema operculella Zell
4
American white butterfly
Hyphantria cunea Drury
5
Japanese beetle
Popillia japonica Newm
6.
Japanese opal beetle
Maladera japonica Molsch
7.
apple borer
Agrilus mali Mats
8.
mediterranean fruit fly
Ceratitis capitata Wied
9
Big tangerine fly
Tetradacus citri Chen
10.
California scale insect
Diaspidiotus perniciosus Comst
11
Eastern codling moth
Laspeyresia molesta Busck
12.
Manchu codling moths
Garposina sasakii Mats
13.
pear moth
Grapholitha inopinata Her
14.
potato nematode
Numonia pyrivorella Mats
15.
Cancer of citrus
Heterodera rostochiensis Woll
16.
"Malsecco"
Xanthomonas citri (Hasse) Dow
17.
Texas root rot
Deuterophoma tracheiphila Petri
18
potato cancer
Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Duggar
19
"Pasmo flax"
Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb)
20.
yellow dragon
Septoria linicola (Speg) Garas
21.
Citrus mite
Aceria sp.
No. 2
1.
Australian fluted scale insect
Icerya purchase Mask
2.
citrus mealybug
Pseudococcus gahani Green
3.
Comstock mealybug
Pseudococcus comstocki Kuw
4
Chinese wax scale
Geroplasts sinensis Gucr
5
Red wax false shield
Geroplastes rubens Mask
6.
Florida wax scale
Geroplastes fioridensis Comst
7.
Japanese rod-shaped scale insect
Leucaspis japonica Ck ll
8.
Japanese humpback scale insect
Unaspis yanonensis Kuw
9
citrus flies
Aleurodidae
10.
White apple codling moth
Spilonota prognothana Snell
11
Broad-bobbed barn weevil
Caulophilus Latinasus Say
12.
Chinese caryopsis
Callosobruchus chinensis L
13.
Four-spotted weevil
Callosobruthus qadrimaculatus Fabr
14
Mining beet moth
Gnorimoschema ocellatella Boyd
15.
rice nematode
Aphelenchoides oryzac Yokoo
16
False cancer of citrus
17.
Rapid death of citrus fruits (quick de klein)
“Quick decline” viral disease
18.
beet rust
Uromyces betae (Pers) Lev
* The Convention was ratified by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on October 8, 1955, and by the Government of the People's Republic of China on November 10, 1955. The exchange of instruments of ratification took place on December 16, 1955 in Moscow
Statement by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR V.M. Molotov at the plenary session of the X session of the UN General Assembly. September 20, 1955Archive: Truth. 1955. 22 Sept.
131.
Mr Chairman, gentlemen!
The delegation of the Soviet Union considers it necessary to draw your attention to a question that has been repeatedly submitted for discussion at previous sessions of the General Assembly, but has not yet received a positive resolution. It is about restoring the legitimate rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations. Meanwhile, there are no grounds for postponing the solution of this issue, especially in the current international conditions.
The present session of the General Assembly opens in a more favorable international environment. This is evidenced primarily by the results of the Geneva Conference of the Heads of Government of the Four Powers. There is a well-known shift towards improving relations between states, strengthening confidence between them, and easing international tension.
Now, after the Geneva meeting, there are more favorable prerequisites for solving urgent unresolved problems.
Among such problems, a special place is occupied by the question of the restoration of the legitimate rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations. Due to well-known circumstances and artificially created obstacles, this problem has remained unresolved for several years now. This allows for a clear injustice in relation to the People's Republic of China, the need to eliminate which is dictated by the interests of the further development of international cooperation, the interests of the United Nations itself.
Such a situation cannot but affect the authority of the United Nations, undermines it and prevents the United Nations from fulfilling the tasks provided for by the Charter - to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to carry out international cooperation in various fields and to be a center for coordinating actions. states.
Under the present international conditions, the restoration of the legitimate rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations would be an important new step towards further easing international tension. On the other hand, the United Nations cannot successfully fulfill many of its tasks if one of the great powers, the People's Republic of China, is artificially excluded from participation in its work, and its place in the UN is illegally occupied by those who, as everyone knows, represent no one. .
The People's Republic of China is the greatest state in Asia, which in fact is already recognized by other states as a great power. For many centuries, the Chinese people have never been so united and united as in our time. The 600 million Chinese people unanimously support their people's democratic government and with great enthusiasm build their state and social life on new principles, in accordance with the true interests of the people, the working people. An unprecedented growth of national forces, an economic upsurge, and great democratic and socialist transformations are taking place in China. No one can stop this historical turn of events, which, together with other major events in Asia, marks the fact that the peoples of Asia have entered a new, glorious historical era,
The Bandung Conference, which took place this spring, showed that the People's Republic of China, together with India, Indonesia and other states of Asia and Africa, is an important factor in international development and progress. The Bandung Conference was attended by 29 Asian and African countries with different state and social systems, which, however, found a common language and opened a new page in the development of international relations. To try to downplay such facts or to underestimate the role of the People's Republic of China in these international conditions is to pull back and take a hopeless position condemned by history.
There is no need to speak here of a number of other international events in which the People's Republic of China has played and is playing an outstanding positive role. Many States Members of the United Nations have already established normal political and economic relations with the People's Republic of China. Others aspire to follow the same path.
The participation of the People's Republic of China, as an equal member of the United Nations, in the General Assembly, the Security Council and other UN bodies is necessary both in the interests of strengthening international peace and security and in the interests of ensuring the international authority of the UN. To continue to ignore the inalienable rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations means to continue violating the Charter, violating the principles of justice, the principles of international law.
The delegation of the Soviet Union considers that there are no grounds for further postponing the decision on the issue of restoring the indisputable rights of the People's Republic of China, and therefore submits the following draft decision on this issue for approval by the Assembly:
"The General Assembly decides that the representatives of China in the General Assembly and other organs of the United Nations shall be representatives appointed by the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China."
The Soviet delegation hopes that this proposal will meet with the support of other delegations and that its adoption will help solve the main task entrusted to the United Nations - the task of maintaining and strengthening peace and developing cooperation between states.