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Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 10-11
Archive: Truth. - 1952. - 14 Feb.
To the Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, Comrade Mao Zedong
On the occasion of the second anniversary of the signing of the Soviet-Chinese Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, accept, Comrade Chairman, my heartfelt congratulations and wishes for the further strengthening of the alliance and cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union in the interests of the cause of world peace.
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
I. Stalin
February 11, 1952
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Comrade I.V. Stalin
On the occasion of the second anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, allow me on behalf of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Chinese people to express to the great Soviet people, the Soviet government and to you personally, deep gratitude and warm congratulations .
We thank you for the fact that for two years the Soviet government and the Soviet people, in the spirit of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the People's Republic of China and the USSR and the agreements connected with the treaty, have provided the Chinese government and the Chinese people with ardent and disinterested support, which in many respects helped to restore and develop the national economy and strengthen the state of new China.
We welcome the great friendship between the Chinese and Soviet peoples, which is growing stronger every day. The powerful alliance between China and the USSR is an invincible force and a firm guarantee in the struggle against imperialist aggression and in the defense of peace and security in the Far East, and is also a guarantee of victory in defending the great cause of world peace.
Long live the indestructible friendship and unity of the peoples of China and the USSR!
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China Mao Zedong
Note of the Embassy of the PRC in the USSR to the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. March 7, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 11-12
Archive: AVPRF. F. 100. Op. 39. P. 155. D. 2. L. 37-38.
2.
The Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the USSR, demonstrating its respect to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, has the honor to announce that, by decision of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, from March 15, 1952, the Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in Chita temporarily ceases its work and its functions are transferred to the Consular Department of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China. The entire Chita consular district is also included in the Moscow consular district. At the same time, the Government of the People's Republic of China reserves the right, if necessary, to reopen the Consulate of the People's Republic of China in Chita* (*See Doc. 4) .
In connection with the above, the Embassy asks the Ministry not to refuse the courtesy, in order to provide comprehensive assistance in the temporary closure of the Chinese Consulate, to bring the above to the attention of the local authorities in Chita.
The Embassy expresses its gratitude in advance for granting this request.Letter from the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I.V. Stalin to the Premier of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai. March 14, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. p. 12
Archive: RGASPI. F. 558. Op. 1. D 342. L. 190.
3.
Your telegrams of March 7, 8 and 10 have been received*.
1. In accordance with your request, we are sending to China for up to three months 9 specialists listed in your telegram of March 7 profiles, with the necessary drugs and equipment. The specialists will arrive in China by March 25.
2. No later than April 10, vaccines will be delivered to China: against plague - 5 million doses, against cholera - 3.8 million doses, against typhoid fever and paratyphoid A and B - 8.5 million doses. The first batch of 1 million doses of anti-plague vaccine will be delivered to Beijing by plane by March 25.
In addition, additional vaccines will be delivered by June 1: against plague - 5 million doses, against cholera - 3.2 million doses, against typhoid fever and paratyphoid A and B - 4 million doses.
The tetravaccine of the composition indicated in your telegram is not produced in the Soviet Union. Instead, vaccine preparations developed in the Soviet Union are being sent.
By April 10, 100 tons of pure DDT** will also be delivered, and by May 1, an additional 100 tons of DDT.
* Not published (see: People's Republic of China in the 1950s. Collection of documents. - M., 2010. Vol. 2. P. 134-135).
**DDT is an insecticide used against insect pests. One of the few effective remedies against locusts.
Note of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR to the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the USSR. March 26, 1952
Archive: AVPRF. F. 100. Op. 39. P. 155. D. 1. L. 5.
4.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, demonstrating its respect to the Embassy of the People's Republic of China, has the honor to acknowledge receipt of the Embassy's note No. P-070/52 dated March 7, 1952* and to inform that the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs takes note of the message of the Embassy regarding the decision of the Government of the People's Republic of China on temporary closure of the Chinese Consulate General in Chita.
The local authorities of the city of Chita were given appropriate instructions to provide the Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in Chita with the necessary assistance in closing the said Consulate General.
* See doc. 2.
Protocol on increasing the share capital of the Soviet-Chinese joint-stock companies "Sovkitneft" and "Sovkitmetall". June 10, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 13-14
Archive: AVPRF. F. Za. Op. 1. P. 39. D. 259. L. 1-4.
five.
In accordance with Art. 6 of the Agreement between the Government of the USSR and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China on the establishment of the Soviet-Chinese joint-stock company "Sovkitneft" dated March 27, 1950** and art. 6 Agreement between the Government of the USSR and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China on the establishment of the Soviet-Chinese joint-stock company "Sovkitmetall" dated March 27, 1950*** The government of the USSR and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, considering it necessary to further expand and develop activities Soviet-Chinese joint-stock companies "Sovkitneft" and "Sovkitmetall", agreed on the following:
1. To increase, through an equal contribution by the parties, the share capital of the Sovkitneft company by 154 million rubles and the Sovkitmetall company by 72 million rubles, thus bringing the share capital of the Sovkitneft company to 200 million rubles and the share capital of the Sovkitmetall company up to 100 million rubles.
2. Of the total amount of additional investments in the share capital of the Sovkitneft company of 154 million rubles, the parties will contribute 41 million rubles each during 1952 and 36 million rubles each during 1953.
3. Of the total amount of additional investments in the share capital of the Sovkitmetall company of 72 million rubles, the parties will contribute 15 million rubles each during 1952 and 21 million rubles each during 1953.
4. This Protocol shall enter into force immediately from the date of its signing and is an integral part of the agreements between the Government of the USSR and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China on the establishment of the Soviet-Chinese joint-stock companies "Sovkitneft" and "Sovkitmetall" dated March 27, 1950.
Done at Beijing on June 10, 1952, in duplicate, each in Russian and Chinese, both texts being equally authentic.
(Signatures)
** See: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1949-1951. Collection of documents. - Cheboksary, 2009 (hereinafter: Soviet-Chinese relations...). pp. 132-138.
*** There. pp. 138-145.Note of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China to the Embassy of the USSR in the People's Republic of China. June 23, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 14-15
Archive: AVPRF. F. 100. Op. 39. P. 155. D. 5. L. 79.
6.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China shows its respect to the Embassy of the USSR in the PRC and asks for assistance in the following.
In order to further deepen the acquaintance of the Chinese people with the great successes of the economic construction of the Soviet Union, to assist in raising the technical level of Chinese industry, and also to accelerate the further development of Sino-Soviet trade, the Chinese Committee for the Promotion of International Trade asks the Chamber of Commerce of the USSR to organize a general exhibition to demonstrate it in China; a request to the Chamber of Commerce of the USSR to study and decide on the specific content of the exhibition.
All expenses for the exhibition in China are covered by the China Committee for the Promotion of International Trade.
It is hoped that before the organization of the exhibition the Chamber of Commerce of the USSR will send a specialist to plan the most suitable place for the exhibition.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs requests the Embassy of the USSR to assist in the above request and hopes to receive an answer as soon as possible.From the recording of the conversation of N.T. Fedorenko with Counselor of the PRC Embassy in the USSR Ge Baoquan. July 2, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 15-16
Archive: AVPRF. F. 07. Op. 27. P. 45. D. 206. L. 103-105.
7.
Today I received Ge Baoquan at his request.
1. Ge Baoquan asked the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to convey the request of the PRC Embassy to send a Soviet archival specialist to China for a period of 2 years.
I promised to report Ge Baoquan's request to the leadership (the text of Ge Baoquan's statement is attached). [...]
3. Referring to a letter from Shi Zhe, the political secretary of Mao Zedong, Ge Baoquan asked to find out whether a group of sinologists had been created in the Soviet Union to translate the works of Mao Zedong into Russian. If such a group is established, has it started translating the second volume of Mao Zedong's works? Ge Baoquan said at the same time that Shi Zhe is interested in this issue due to the fact that if the group is organized in Moscow, then there will be no need to translate the works of Mao Zedong into Russian in Beijing.
I promised to look into this matter. [ ... ]
The conversation was attended by the 1st secretary of the 1st Far Eastern Military District, comrade Bachinin.
Head 1 FEB USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs
N. Fedorenko
Application
Memorandum of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the USSR .
July 2, 1952
Due to the need to regulate the archival work of all departments of the Central Committee and all local committees of the Communist Party of China, it was decided to organize a special archival work course at the Renmin University of China in Beijing to train personnel in this field.
At the request of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the embassy asks the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR not to refuse the courtesy of informing the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) about the assignment of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) to China as a teacher of one specialist in archival work for a period of 2 years. This specialist will be included in the general list of professors and specialists invited by the PRC in the second half of this year.From the recording of the conversation of N.T. Fedorenko with Counselor of the PRC Embassy in the USSR Ge Baoquan. July 15, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 16-17
Archive: AVPRF. F. 07. Op. 27. P. 45. D. 206. L. 108-109, 112.
eight.
[...] 2. Referring to the instruction from the Chinese Foreign Ministry, Ge Baoquan said that the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China decided to take part in the international fairs in Bulgaria (Plovdiv) and Germany (Leipzig), which will be held in August-September this year. Ge Baoquan further stated that the State Administrative Council would like to send all exhibits to the USSR after the closing of these fairs in order to organize the Exhibition of the New China National Economy* in Moscow, timed to coincide with the opening of the exhibition on the third anniversary of the proclamation of the PRC (October 1 of this year) . Handing me a memorandum on this issue (attached), Ge Baoquan asked to find out the opinion of the relevant Soviet organizations on the organization of this exhibition.
I promised to report to the leadership about this message from the embassy.
[...]
The conversation was attended by the 1st secretary of the 1st Far Eastern Military District, comrade Krutikov.
Head 1 FEB USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs
N. Fedorenko
Application
Memorandum of the Chinese Embassy in the USSR
July 15, 1952
According to the message received by the Embassy from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China decided to take part in the international fair to be held in Plovdiv (Bulgaria) in August this year, and in the international fair to be held in Leipzig (Germany) in September this year. After the closing of both fairs, the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China would like to send all the exhibits to the USSR in order to organize an Exhibition of the National Economy of New China in Moscow.
At the request of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, the embassy requests the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR to bring the above to the attention of the relevant institutions and find out the possibility of organizing this exhibition.
* See doc. 54.Note by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.Ya. Vyshinsky to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I.V. Stalin. July 21, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 17-20
Archive: WUA RF. F. 0100. Op. 45. P. 350. D. 77. L. 14-26.
nine.
In accordance with the instructions of the Bureau of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 3, 1952, the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs submits proposals for the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to send Soviet specialists to work in China at the request of the government of the People's Republic of China.
The PRC government submitted the following applications through the Soviet Embassy in China:
1. In April m[es]tse this year. an application for 46 Soviet specialists to work in various fields of Chinese industry (Appendix No. 1)*.
2. In June m[es]tse this year. an application for 71 Soviet design specialists to work in the industry of Northeast China (Manchuria). This application in preliminary form (82-111 designers) was submitted to the IMT in February this month. Chinese trade delegation. During March-June of this year. the Chinese government revised the preliminary application, clarified the profiles and the number of required designers, and on June 6 this year. applied with a final application for 71 designers (Appendix No. 2)*.
3. During the month of January to June of this year. the Chinese government sent 7 small applications for a total of 17 Soviet specialists in various specialties (Appendix No. 3) .
In total, therefore, the government of the People's Republic of China is asking for an additional secondment to China on the terms of the Soviet-Chinese agreement of March 27, 1950** 134 Soviet specialists of various profiles.
The Government of the PRC is asking for these specialists to be sent for more successful industrial construction, and also to adopt the advanced achievements of Soviet industry and lay the foundations for long-term design work in China.
At present, there are 283 specialists in China under the terms of the agreement of March 27, 1950. In total, in China, under the terms of this agreement (in accordance with the Resolutions of the Council of Ministers of December 8, 1951 and April 22, 1952), 328 specialists of various profiles, including 116 teachers, should be located in China in 1952.
In addition to the specialists mentioned above, 347 Soviet specialists of various profiles are currently working in China in the form of technical assistance.
Taking into account the significant number of Soviet specialists currently in China, the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs considers it possible to satisfy the application of the PRC government for only 47 specialists. Sending the remaining 87 specialists indicated in the application of the PRC government should be refrained from, since some of the requested specialists can be replaced by a more flexible use of Soviet specialists and Chinese personnel currently in China. The USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs believes that sending a new contingent of highly qualified Soviet specialists to the PRC will provide sufficient assistance in restoring and developing the PRC national economy.
The draft resolution provides for a reduction in the application of the PRC government by 46 designers and 41 specialists of other profiles (Appendix No. 4).
The USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs considers it possible, as an exception, to satisfy the request of the PRC government and send a group of designers in the number of 25 people among the specialists. for a period of 3 years, instead of one year, as provided for by the Agreement of March 27, 1950.
The draft Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, agreed with the relevant departments, is attached***.
Please consider.
A. Vyshinsky
Application No. 4
Reference
on the application of the Chinese government for 134 Soviet specialists
Name of ministries
PRC government application
How many specialists are invited to send
Ministry of Petroleum
eleven
3
Ministry of Geology
eleven
2
Ministry of Coal Industry
eighteen
6
Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy
6
2
Ministry of Paper and Wood Industry
3
one
Ministry of Civil Engineering of the RSFSR
6
-
Ministry of Public Utilities of the RSFSR
7
one
Mintsvetmet
6
3
Ministry of Machine Tool Industry
7
4
Ministry of Automobile and Tractor Industry
2
one
Ministry of Power Plants
fifteen
five
Ministry of Chemical Industry
2
one
Ministry of Industry builds. materials
4
one
Ministry of Light Industry
3
2
Ministry of Agriculture
4
3
Ministry of Cotton Growing
2
one
Ministry of the Navy
3
-
War Department
4
2
Ministry of Transport Engineering
4
2
Mintyazhstroy
7
4
Ministry of Construction of Heavy Industry Enterprises
4
one
Ministry of Construction of Machine Building Enterprises
one
-
Department of Architecture under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR
one
-
Ministry of Health
3
2
Total
134
47
* Not published.
** See Soviet-Chinese relations... pp. 129-131.
*** Not published. The proposals contained in the note were approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on August 4, 1952.Letters of recall of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to the PRC N.V. Roshchina. July 30, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. p. 21
Archive: AVPRF. F. 57. Op. 47. P. 260. D. 2. L. 151.
10.
Letters of recall of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to the PRC N.V. Roshchina*
Presidium of the Supreme Council
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Comrade Mao Zedong
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
Comrade Chairman,
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics decided to give another appointment to citizen Nikolai Vasilyevich Roshchin, recalling him from the post of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the People's Republic of China.
Convinced that Citizen Nikolai Vasilyevich Roshchin contributed to the strengthening of the friendly relations that so happily exist between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics asks you, Comrade Chairman, to accept with favor his letters of recall.
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
N.M. Shvernik
Bonded: Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR
AND I. Vyshinsky
* Relieved from office on June 13, 1952.Letter from the Minister of Higher Education of the USSR V.N. Stoletov to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.Ya. Vyshinsky. August 5, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 22-24
Archive: AVPRF. F. 07. Op. 27. P. 46. D. 218. L. 6-12.
eleven.
A group of Chinese specialists, consisting of four people, arrived in the USSR on May 25 this year. to get acquainted with the organization of the training of Chinese students, graduate students, with the work of Chinese trainees at Soviet enterprises and with the organization of educational and scientific work in higher educational institutions of the USSR, July 21, p. d. completed the specified work and left for China on July 26.
In accordance with the approved work plan, with a group of Chinese specialists for the period from May 27 to July 21 this year. The following activities have been carried out by the Ministry of Higher Education:
1. Conversation with the Minister of Higher Education of the USSR.
2. Conversation with the Deputy Minister of Higher Education of the USSR for personnel.
3. Conversations in methodological management and in the research department of the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR.
4. Familiarization with the organization of teaching Chinese students and graduate students and with the organization of educational and scientific work in twelve universities in Moscow, four universities in Leningrad and one university in Kyiv.
5. Familiarization with the work of Chinese trainees at the automobile plant named after I.V. Stalin, at the metallurgical plant named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky in the city of Dneprodzerzhinsk and at the Zaporozhye plant "Spetsstal".
6. Conversations at the Ministry of Higher Education after visiting higher education institutions: in the department of distribution of young specialists, methodological department, department of research work, the highest attestation commission, planning and financial department, the main department of polytechnic universities, the main department of universities and the final conversation with the minister higher education.
A group of Chinese specialists also visited the Dnieper hydroelectric power station named after. IN AND. Lenin and a number of cultural and educational institutions in Leningrad (the Palace of Culture named after S.M. Kirov, the museum of V.I. Lenin in Razliv, Petrodvorets, the Hermitage and Pushkin's places in Pushkin).
When visiting higher education institutions and during conversations at the Ministry, Chinese specialists were interested in the following main issues:
1. Academic performance of Chinese students and graduate students.
2. Methods of teaching the Russian language for non-Russian nationalities.
3. Relationship between educational and research work in universities.
4. Order of practical training by Soviet students.
5. Communication between higher educational institutions and institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences in carrying out research work.
6. The procedure for training scientific personnel in various branches of science.
7. The procedure for issuing scholarships to students.
8. Management of the work of higher educational institutions by the Ministry of Higher Education.
9. The content of ideological and educational work among students, professors, teachers, workers and employees.
10. Planning for the training and distribution of young professionals.
When visiting enterprises, Chinese specialists were interested in how the work of interns was organized in the direction of mastering the Russian language, production skills and increasing theoretical knowledge in this industry.
Chinese experts have repeatedly expressed their gratitude to the leaders of Soviet universities for their comprehensive acquaintance with the work of educational institutions and for the good preparation of Chinese students and graduate students.
The head of the delegation [...] at the closing conversation at the Ministry of Higher Education stated:
“The tasks that were set before our group in the matter of familiarization with the work of higher education in the USSR have been fulfilled by us. We did not know much and therefore asked a lot.
The warm welcome from the Soviet comrades, which was accompanied by painstaking explanations and demonstrations of everything that interested us, allowed us to learn a great deal.
We talked with many of our students and graduate students, who unanimously expressed their satisfaction with the attitude of Soviet comrades towards us and with their studies.
We have seen how well the cadres of young specialists are being prepared for our country.”
Delegation member Li Tao, referring to the impressions made from meetings with the Soviet people, said: “The warm welcome and sincere feelings of friendship for the Chinese people, which were manifested by the Soviet people everywhere we happened to be, show that the Soviet people, brought up in the spirit of internationalism, places great hopes on the Chinese people in strengthening the peace camp and that the friendship between the Chinese and Soviet people is inviolable.”
At the request of Chinese specialists, educational and methodological materials have been prepared for them, which, upon receipt of permission, will be sent to China.
Appendix: List of educational materials (4 sheets of n / s only in the address) *.
V. Stoletov
* Not published.Letter from the Secretary General of the All-China Society for Sino-Soviet Friendship Qian Junrui to the Chairman of the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries A.I. Denisov. August 6, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 24-25
Archive: Archive of the Chinese People's Society for Friendship with Foreign Countries. - G95 -4-3, translated from Chinese. lang.
12.
In connection with the celebration of the 35th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution and in order to develop and strengthen deep friendship between the peoples of China and the Soviet Union, the board of the All-China Society of Sino-Soviet Friendship decided to hold a meeting in November of this year. All-China Month of Sino-Soviet Friendship, which will begin on November 6 and end on December 5. As part of Sino-Soviet Friendship Month, activities will be organized throughout the country in large and medium-sized cities for one week. Their goal is to demonstrate the world significance of the Great October Socialist Revolution, to familiarize themselves with the achievements of the Soviet Union on the path from socialism to communism, to reveal the great leading role of the Soviet Union in protecting peace on earth, to educate the people of our country in the spirit of internationalism, to develop the spirit of friendship and unity between the peoples of China and the Soviet Union. The events will be organized in the form of ceremonial meetings, performances by Soviet amateur art groups, lectures, public discussions, film demonstrations, broadcasts of special programs on radio broadcasts, photo exhibitions about the achievements of the Soviet Union in socialist construction, etc.
For the above purposes, as well as to strengthen the cultural exchange between the peoples of China and the Soviet Union, we propose:
1. Ask the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries to send a delegation to our country to participate in the Month of Sino-Soviet Friendship. The said delegation, of about 10 people, should include Soviet figures of art, literature, science, education, and heroes of socialist labor. We also want to invite groups of amateur artists (including musical, dance, theater groups representing various nationalities of the Soviet Union), with a total number of 120 to 140 people.
We hope that the delegation will arrive in Beijing on November 4 or 5, and after a week of participating in events in Beijing, starting on November 12, it will split up by three routes to participate in similar events in various parts of China. The delegation will attend rallies, deliver lectures and reports, participate in excursions. Collectives of amateur artists will give performances. In early December, three groups will return to Beijing in order to go home in full force.
2. To ask the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries to hold an exhibition of photographs in Peking, introducing the achievements of the Soviet Union in socialist construction and the process of building communism. We plan to fully prepare this exhibition at the end of October and open it at the beginning of Sino-Soviet Friendship Month. In addition, we would like to ask the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries to provide us with an additional 5 of the same sets of smaller photographs. We hope that they will be delivered to Beijing at the beginning of October and sent to Shanghai, Wuhan, Chongqing, Xi'an, Shenyang in a timely manner to organize exhibitions.
Please consider the above proposal and reply by telegraph.
General Secretary of the All-China Society of Sino-Soviet Friendship
Qian JunruiAgreement between the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China on the education of citizens of the PRC in higher civilian educational institutions of the USSR. August 9, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 26-29
Archive: AVPRF. F. Za. Op. 1. P. 40. D. 260.
13.*
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, on the one hand, and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, on the other hand, recognizing the need to determine the conditions and procedure for education, as well as the procedure for reimbursement of expenses for the maintenance and education of citizens of the People's Republic of China in higher civilian educational institutions of the USSR, have decided to conclude this Agreement and have appointed as their plenipotentiaries:
(followed by the names of the Plenipotentiaries), who, after exchanging their full powers, found in due form and in full order, have agreed as follows:
Article 1
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics agrees to admit, at the request of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, citizens of the People's Republic of China to higher civil educational institutions of the USSR as students and postgraduates.
The number of students and postgraduates admitted for study, as well as the specialties in which they must study, are determined by agreement between the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR and the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China at least four months before the start of the academic year.
The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China submits to the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR not less than two months before the start of the academic year, the lists of names of citizens of the People's Republic of China sent to higher civil educational institutions of the USSR.
Persons with a completed general secondary education are included in the lists of sent students, and persons who have completed higher education and, for health reasons, are able to successfully complete a course of study in higher civilian educational institutions, are included in the lists of graduate students.
Article 2
Visas for entry into the USSR of the persons referred to in Article 1 of this Agreement shall be issued in accordance with the general procedure.
Article 3
Persons referred to in Article 1 of this Agreement, who have completed secondary or higher education, are admitted to higher civil educational institutions of the USSR after passing entrance examinations in disciplines established by the USSR Ministry of Higher Education.
The admission of these persons as students and graduate students is carried out, as a rule, for the first years and only in some cases - for the senior courses of higher civilian educational institutions.
Persons who do not speak Russian well enough take a preparatory course with a training period of 6 months to 1 year.
Persons admitted on the basis of this Agreement to higher civil educational institutions of the USSR shall be subject to all the rules established for students and graduate students of the corresponding educational institutions of the USSR.
Persons who have graduated from higher civil educational institutions of the USSR are issued diplomas of the standard established in the USSR, indicating the acquired specialty and qualifications.
Article 4
The government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics will provide students and graduate students - citizens of the People's Republic of China with living space (dormitories) for the period of their studies in higher educational institutions of the USSR on the same terms as students and graduate students - citizens of the USSR.
Article 5
The government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics incurs costs associated with the maintenance and education of citizens of the People's Republic of China in the higher educational institutions of the USSR.
These costs include:
a) payment of a scholarship in the amount of 500 rubles per month to each student;
b) payment of a scholarship in the amount of 700 rubles per month to each postgraduate student;
c) payment of salaries to the teaching staff, educational, economic and household expenses, as well as transportation costs associated with sending students and graduate students to their place of study.
Article 6
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China shall reimburse the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for 50% of the costs specified in Article 5 of this Agreement.
Article 7
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China pays the amounts due to the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in accordance with Article 6 of this Agreement, according to the invoices presented by the USSR Ministry of Finance, twice a year: for the first half of the year - in October of the same calendar year and for the second semester - in April of the next calendar year.
Payments are made by transferring the appropriate amounts to the account of the State Bank of the USSR in the People's Bank of China, opened in accordance with the Agreement on non-trade payments in force between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China.
This Agreement shall enter into force on September 1, 1952. This Agreement has been drawn up in two original copies, each in Russian and Chinese, both texts being equally valid.
Done in Moscow on August 9, 1952.
*In addition to the signing of the agreement, on the same day an exchange of notes took place, extending the effect of the agreement to citizens of the PRC accepted to study at higher educational institutions of the USSR before the entry into force of the agreement.
Speech by Premier of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai upon his arrival in Moscow. August 17, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 29-30
Archive: News. - 1952. 19 Aug.
fourteen.
Dear comrades!
On the instructions of Chairman Mao Zedong, I and all members of the government delegation of the People's Republic of China arrived in Moscow, which is a great honor for us.
The Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, concluded in 1950 between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a demonstration of the strong, unbreakable friendship between the peoples of the two great states - the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Everyone can be convinced by the facts of the tremendous role played by this mighty and invincible alliance of ours in ensuring peace and security in the Far East and throughout the world.
The Chinese people wholeheartedly greet and congratulate our great ally, the Soviet Union, on the brilliant victories it has achieved in building communism. The Chinese people perfectly understand that these victories are not only the property of the Soviet people, but also the property of all the peace-loving peoples of the world, for these victories greatly increase the forces that stand for world peace.
In the three years since the overthrow of the rule of foreign imperialism and the reactionary Kuomintang clique, the People's Republic of China, thanks to the correct leadership of the Communist Party of China and Chairman Mao Zedong, thanks to the efforts of the entire Chinese people, and also thanks to the fervent help from the Soviet government and the Soviet people, has tirelessly overcome various difficulties such as inside and outside the country and has already achieved significant success in all areas of state building.
On behalf of Chairman Mao Zedong, the Chinese government and the Chinese people, I take this opportunity to express gratitude for the fraternal, disinterested assistance that the Soviet government and the Soviet people are giving the People's Republic of China under the leadership of Generalissimo Stalin.
A government delegation of the People's Republic of China has now arrived in Moscow with the aim of further strengthening friendly cooperation between the two countries and discussing various related issues. I am deeply convinced that the further development of friendly cooperation between the two great states - the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - will certainly make an even more significant contribution to the cause of peaceful construction of the Chinese and Soviet peoples, as well as to the cause of peaceful construction of the peoples of the whole world.
Long live friendship, alliance and cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics!
Long live the best friend of the Chinese people, the great teacher of the working people of the whole world, Comrade Stalin!
An article by a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU P.F. Yudin, The First Volume of Selected Works of Mao Zedong. August 26, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 30-41
Archive: Truth. - 1952. 26 Aug.
15.*
Recently, the first volume of Mao Zedong's selected works** was published in Moscow.
The publication of the works of the outstanding leader of the Chinese people, Comrade Mao Zedong, is an important event not only for the Communist Party of China, but also for the international communist movement. For more than thirty years, the Communist Party of China has been leading the struggle of the Chinese people for liberation from the yoke of foreign imperialism and for the abolition of feudal landowner oppression. The victory of the Chinese people's revolution is an event of world-historical significance. After the Great October Socialist Revolution in the USSR and the victory of the Soviet Union in World War II, the victory of the Chinese revolution is the most important event in modern history. The victory of the revolution in China inflicted a new, irreparable defeat on world and, above all, American imperialism.
The Chinese Communist Party has accumulated vast experience in the national liberation and anti-feudal struggle. This experience serves as an inspiring example for the communist parties, for the peoples of the colonial and dependent countries in their struggle for their liberation. The peoples of these countries face the same historical tasks: liberation from the yoke of foreign imperialism, from feudal and semi-feudal exploitation, the conquest of power by the masses of the people headed by the working class, and the creation of a people's democracy.
The victory of the Chinese revolution was a new and clearest confirmation of the irresistible power of the ideas of Leninism, illuminating the path of the historic victories of the great Chinese people.
Lenin and Stalin have always paid exceptional attention to the national liberation movement of the peoples of the East. Leninism is the banner of the struggle of the international proletariat and of all the oppressed peoples of the world. Developing the teachings of Lenin, Comrade Stalin comprehensively developed the theory of the national-colonial question, in his writings he solved questions about the nature and characteristics, as well as about the prospects for the Chinese revolution. The development of these issues was of decisive importance for the development of the strategy and tactics of the Communist Party of China.
The experience of the CPSU(b) is of inestimable importance for the revolutionary activity of all communist parties. Speaking about the significance of the experience of the CPSU(b), Mao Zedong emphasizes:
“The history of the CPSU(b) is the highest synthesis, the highest generalization of the communist movement throughout the world over the past hundred years, the only full-fledged example of the unity of theory and practice in the whole world. From the example of how Lenin and Stalin connected the general theoretical truths of Marxism with the concrete practice of the October Revolution and developed Marxism on this basis, we can learn how we should work in China.”
In the works of the leader of the Communist Party and the Chinese people, Mao Zedong, the history of the Communist Party of China, the Chinese revolution, is most fully and forcefully covered in the Marxist-Leninist spirit.
The first volume of Mao Zedong's writings included works written by him between March 1926 and July 1937. These writings cover two periods of the Chinese revolution: the period of the first civil revolutionary war (1924-1927) and the period of the second civil revolutionary war (1928-1937).
The first period of the Chinese civil revolutionary war is the national united front revolution, when the main task was to fight against the domination of foreign imperialists in China. At this stage, along with the workers and peasants, the national bourgeoisie also takes part in the revolution, which tries to use the revolution for its own purposes. The revolutionary movement of the workers and peasants had not yet taken on a powerful scope, but they were gaining a decisive position as the main driving force of the revolution at an ever faster pace. The working class becomes the leading force, the hegemon of the national liberation revolution.
The period of the first civil revolutionary war in China is devoted to the works of Mao Zedong: “On the classes of Chinese society” (1926) “Report on the survey of the peasant movement in Hunan Province” (1927). In these works, the author examines questions about class relations in China, about the nature of the revolution and its driving forces, about the growth of the revolutionary movement in the Chinese countryside and the beginning of the struggle of the peasantry for the agrarian revolution, about the leading role of the working class in the revolution.
Tov. Mao Zedong gives a deep Marxist analysis of the classes of Chinese society and shows the alignment of forces in the Chinese bourgeois-democratic revolution.
“In economically backward, semi-colonial China,” wrote Mao Zedong, “the landowners and the comprador bourgeoisie are, in the full sense of the word, vassals of the international bourgeoisie. The existence and development of these classes is subordinated to the interests of imperialism” (pp. 15-16). Mao Zedong determined with scientific precision the social nature of the middle (national) bourgeoisie in China and its role in the revolution. He points out that her attitude to the revolution is ambivalent, contradictory: she feels the oppression of foreign imperialism, which hinders her independent economic development - this pushes her into the camp of the national liberation struggle; the revolutionary scope of the proletarian movement frightens the bourgeoisie, it betrays the revolution. Mao Zedong notes the vacillation of the national bourgeoisie - now towards the revolution, now its retreat from the revolution.
The author pays special attention to the assessment of the social nature and role of the Chinese petty bourgeoisie in the revolution: the peasantry, artisans, the lower strata of the intelligentsia, small merchants. The main force among the petty bourgeoisie is the peasant masses - the poor and the middle peasants. Landless (farm laborers), landless (poor) and middle peasants made up at least 90% of the peasant population of the village. These sections of the countryside are true allies of the proletariat in the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution.
The most important section of this work is the question of the Chinese proletariat and its role in the revolution. “...Although the size of the industrial proletariat is small,” Mao Zedong wrote, “it is he who personifies the new productive forces and is the most progressive class of modern China, which has become the guiding force of the revolutionary movement” (p. 24). The author analyzes the position and role in the revolution of other sections of the proletariat, which in China make up a huge army of many millions: city coolies, rickshaws, city street workers, agricultural proletarians (labor laborers). He concludes his analysis: “The industrial proletariat is the guiding force of our revolution. The entire semi-proletariat and petty bourgeoisie are our closest friends” (pp. 26-27).
The Chinese bourgeoisie betrayed the revolution. The Kuomintang right, led by Chiang Kai-shek, betrayed the revolution in 1927. The counter-revolutionary coup was carried out relatively easily because the Trotskyist and right-wing elements from the leadership of the Communist Party - Chen Tuxiu *** and others - did not call on the working class to fight against the traitors, did not call on the peasantry to fight against the landowners.
Tov. Stalin pointed out in 1927 that “with the overthrow of Chiang Kai-shek, the revolution as a whole entered the highest phase of its development, the phase of the agrarian movement” (Soch., vol. 9, p. 260). This decisive proposition about the maturing of an agrarian revolution in China showed that the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China has not ended, but is entering a new, higher stage. The further development of the Chinese revolution confirmed this scientific prediction. The development of these questions of the Chinese revolution armed the Chinese Communists with a correct understanding of the development of the agrarian revolution.
Mao Zedong in the spring of 1927 personally surveyed the peasant movement in a number of counties. Based on his surveys, he came to the conclusion that “at the present moment, the rise of the peasant movement is of the greatest importance. In a very short time, hundreds of millions of peasants will rise up in all the provinces of Central, Southern and Northern China; they will be swift and irresistible, like a hurricane, and no force can hold them back” (p. 36).
Mao Zedong acts as an outstanding proletarian revolutionary, a Marxist-Leninist, as the leader of the people. Guided by the Leninist-Stalinist theory in assessing the nature of the Chinese revolution, he irrefutably proved, on the basis of an analysis of the peasant movement in the Chinese countryside, the maturation of the greatest peasant, i.e. bourgeois-democratic revolution in China.
As early as 1925, Comrade Stalin scientifically foresaw the world-historical significance of the brewing bourgeois-democratic, anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution in China, the incredible forces of the revolutionary movement in China. At the Fourteenth Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, he said: “The forces of the revolutionary movement in China are incredible. They haven't shown up properly yet. They will still show up in the future. The rulers of the East and West, who do not see these forces and do not take them into account in due measure, will suffer from this ”(Soch., vol. 7, p. 293). The whole subsequent course of events confirmed these words.
* * *
Most of the works included in the first volume are devoted to the period of the second civil revolutionary war: “Why can there be a red power in China?” (1928), “The Struggle in Jingganshan” (1928), “From a Spark Can Start a Fire” (1930), “On the Tactics of Struggle Against Japanese Imperialism” (1935), “Strategic Questions of the Revolutionary War in China” (1936), “The Tasks of the Communist Party of China during the Anti-Japanese War” (1937), “On Practice” (1937).
In these works, Mao Zedong examines the role of the Communist Party in the agrarian revolution, the creation of the armed forces of the revolution, the strategy and tactics of the Communist Party in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, the creation of a national front in the war against Japanese imperialism, the possibility of the victory of the revolution and the creation of a democratic republic. other.
In connection with the entry of the Chinese bourgeois-democratic revolution into its second period, favorable conditions were created for the Communist Party of China to use to the fullest extent possible the open organization of the party, the proletariat (trade unions), the peasantry (peasant unions), the revolution in general, in order to lay the foundations of the armed forces during this period revolution. The question of a revolutionary army in China is of particular importance. And V. Stalin said in 1926 that “the revolutionary armies in China are the most important factor in the struggle of the Chinese workers and peasants for their liberation” (Soch., vol. 8, p. 362).
The Chinese Communists, and only they, under the leadership of Comrade Mao Zedong, under the conditions of the domination of counter-revolution and the most severe terror, continued to hold high the banner of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution, led the broad masses of workers, peasants, soldiers, and the revolutionary intelligentsia. In the course of this struggle, the Communist Party of China won enormous prestige among the broad masses of the people, its ranks grew rapidly, and it turned into a militant Marxist party of the Chinese proletariat. One of the greatest achievements of the Chinese Communist Party during this period was the creation of a strong Chinese Red Army.
A unique international and domestic situation has developed in China, which was not the case in any country during the period of the bourgeois-democratic revolution. This peculiarity consisted in the fact that China is a semi-colonial country, for which a number of imperialist states were fighting among themselves, which caused prolonged civil strife in the camp of the ruling classes.
Under these conditions, the Red Army grew, the Red Districts arose and expanded, where organs of people's power were created and the agrarian revolution was carried out.
Many of the Red Districts lasted for several years. In these areas, the landlords were eliminated, power passed to the people (meetings of deputies), new administrative and judicial bodies were created. There was a central people's government led by the Communists, led by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong's work "Struggle in Jinggangshan" analyzes the existence of the Red Region (Hunan-Jiangxi Border Region) and the struggle of the Communist Party in this region for a year - at the very beginning of the creation of the Red Regions. Comrade Mao Zedong, drawing on the experience of the Border Region, once again raises the question of the nature of the revolution in China. He gives a detailed Marxist-Leninist definition of this revolution: “The program of a consistent democratic revolution in China provides: in the field of foreign policy - the overthrow of the rule of the imperialists and complete national liberation; in the field of domestic politics - the elimination of the comprador bourgeoisie in the city, the completion of the agrarian revolution, the destruction of feudal relations in the countryside and the overthrow of the government of the militarists. Only through such a democratic revolution can a genuine basis for the transition to socialism be created” (p. 157).
By 1930, the Communist Party and the Red Army had accumulated extensive experience in armed struggle against the troops of Chiang Kai-shek and in working with the peasant masses in carrying out an agrarian revolution in the liberated areas. These circumstances turned the heads of many communists, including those in the leading bodies of the party. These people believed that the time had come for a direct assault on the enemy on a countrywide scale, they developed adventurous plans for organizing an armed uprising in the central cities and concentrating all units of the Red Army for an attack on the central cities. For a number of years, Chen Shaoyu (Wang Ming)**** represented the line of the "left" deviation in the party. The "Lefts" were in fact cut off from the Party, from the liberated regions and from the Red Army, that is, they were cut off from the revolutionary activity of the masses of the people.
In contrast to the "leftist" project-adventurist plans to immediately start a revolution throughout the country and start it in the central cities, in contrast to the rightists, who considered the cause of the revolution lost, Mao Zedong, guided by the teachings of Marxism-Leninism and creatively applying it to the new situation, developed another plan implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China.
Comrade Mao Zedong, proceeding from the specific conditions of China, where the cities are few in number and colossal military and police forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the imperialists were concentrated in them, wrote that premature uprisings of the workers would inevitably be doomed to defeat. Therefore, the enemy must be beaten where he is weaker and where he is opposed by sufficient forces. Under the peculiar conditions of China, when internecine strife was taking place among the ruling classes, when the peasantry rose to the agrarian revolution, it became possible to create large armed revolutionary forces in the countryside, it became possible for the proletariat, with the help of these forces, to conquer entire regions and turn them into revolutionary strongholds. Mao Zedong convincingly proved from the experience of the existing Red Regions, where there was a Red Army, that the working class, led by the Communist Party,
This was the creative application of Marxist-Leninist principles in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, in the specific conditions of Chinese reality. Experience has confirmed the correctness of the policy developed by Mao Zedong.
* * *
By 1935, the situation in China had changed radically. The treacherous policy of Chiang Kai-shek led to the fact that the North and Northeast, up to Beijing itself, were occupied by the Japanese. The threat of complete occupation of the entire country by the Japanese imperialists hung over China. Chiang Kai-shek, without offering resistance to the Japanese, at the same time waged a continuous war against the Chinese Red Army, against the liberated regions. The Chinese Red Army, forced by the difficult conditions of the struggle against superior enemy forces, undertook a grandiose campaign from the South to the North. This campaign played the important role that the Red Army, having entered the North, received a solid rear - the USSR. The Chinese Red Army was attacked not only by the Kuomintang troops, but also by the Japanese. Nevertheless, its power grew rapidly and it became the main force of resistance to the Japanese.
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China comprehensively assessed the newly created situation in the country. The Chinese Communist Party initiated the creation of a united national resistance front against Japan. There was a regrouping of class forces in the country. Mao Zedong in December 1935 in his report "On the Tactics of Struggle Against Japanese Imperialism" raised the question of creating a united national front and drawing the national bourgeoisie into active participation in the national liberation war.
More and more popular masses began to realize that the national salvation of China could be carried out only under the leadership of the working class, under the leadership of the Communist Party. But this meant that the war against Japan must be combined with a revolutionary war against national traitors - against the comprador bourgeoisie and feudal lords. The revolution entered a new phase of development. The struggle for national liberation again became the main task of the revolution. Mao Zedong said: “To organize the masses of millions of people, to move a huge revolutionary army - this is what is required today for the revolution to attack the counter-revolution. Only such a force is capable of crushing Japanese imperialism and Chinese national traitors; this is the obvious truth. And therefore only the tactics of the united front are Marxist-Leninist tactics” (pp. 280-281).
Guided by the teachings of Marxism-Leninism on national liberation wars, on the bourgeois-democratic revolution and on the driving forces of these wars and revolutions, the Communist Party put on the order of the day the question of creating a People's Republic of China that would unite all national, patriotic forces: “... the republic will throw off the imperialist yoke and thus lead China to freedom and independence, throw off the oppression of the landlords and thus rid China of the semi-feudal order; and this is in the interests not only of the workers and peasants, but also of the rest of the people” (p. 286).
The Chinese Communist Party has consistently adhered to the principles of proletarian internationalism. It has always regarded its struggle as part of the general struggle of the international proletariat and proceeded from the premise that the interests of the Chinese people are inextricably linked with the vital interests of the peoples of other countries fighting for their liberation. The Chinese Communist Party has always counted on the all-round help of the working class of other countries, and the Chinese people have always received fraternal help and support in their difficult struggle.
Mao Zedong said: “With the current upsurge of the anti-Japanese struggle throughout China and the upsurge of the anti-fascist movement throughout the world, just wars will engulf all of China, the whole world. All just wars help each other, all unjust wars should be turned into just wars. This is what Leninism teaches. In the anti-Japanese war we need the help of foreign peoples, and above all the help of the peoples of the Soviet Union, and they, of course, will help us, for we are connected with them by ties of vital interests” (p. 290).
Chiang Kai-shek, relying on the help of the Americans, still focused on the war with the Chinese Red Army and condoned the Japanese. Japan continued its almost unhindered advance into China. Dissatisfaction with the anti-national policy of the leaders of the Kuomintang begins to grow in the Kuomintang camp. Chiang Kai-shek takes maneuvers to deceive the people. The Communist Party exposes the treacherous policy of Chiang Kai-shek and raises high the banner of defending the motherland. This increasingly consolidated the patriotic forces of the entire country around the Communist Party.
Mao Zedong said in 1937: “... The Communist Party of China and the Chinese people faced the task of establishing a link between the united anti-Japanese national front in China and the front of world peace. This means that China must not only unite with the Soviet Union, the unfailing and best friend of the Chinese people, but must, as far as possible, also establish relations aimed at joint struggle against Japanese imperialism with those imperialist states which at present wish to preserve peace. and oppose a new aggressive war” (p. 450).
The peculiarity of the anti-Japanese national liberation war in China was that it was combined with the bourgeois-democratic revolution. For the anti-Japanese war, the mobilization of all the patriotic forces of the entire nation was necessary. But it was impossible to mobilize all the forces of the nation for this struggle on the basis of preserving the thoroughly rotten and bankrupt Kuomintang state system. The people no longer had confidence in this system. The task arose of combining the anti-Japanese war with such political and economic revolutionary transformations of the country as would rouse the entire people to fight for the salvation of the motherland.
In 1937, in the report “The Tasks of the Communist Party of China during the Anti-Japanese War,” Mao Zedong again develops the Marxist-Leninist idea of establishing a democratic republic as the main condition for uniting all the forces of the nation in a national liberation war.
“Our democratic republic,” said Mao Zedong, “must become a state based on an alliance of workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie, and bourgeoisie—this is what distinguishes it from an ordinary bourgeois republic” (pp. 468, 469).
Throughout the course of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution, the Communist Party of China has always put forward clear slogans of struggle, and has correctly assessed the nature of the revolution and China's development prospects at every stage. Putting forward the task of creating a democratic republic, Mao Zedong said: “Communists by no means renounce their socialist and communist ideals; having passed through the stage of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, they will come to the socialist and communist stage” (pp. 461-462).
Mao Zedong, developing the Leninist-Stalinist theses on the stages of the revolution, exposed the leftist-Trotskyist theories of the Chinese opportunists who fought against the Marxist-Leninist theory of revolution.
The works of Mao Zedong are of particular interest to Marxists because he constantly illuminates the revolutionary experience from the point of view of Marxist-Leninist theory. Among such works of great theoretical interest is the work "Strategic Questions of the Revolutionary War in China" (1936). In this work, the author develops a number of interesting Marxist propositions about the nature of wars and the laws of war, mainly about the nature of the revolutionary war in China and its features.
Mao Zedong's analysis of the characteristics of the revolutionary war in China proceeds from the Marxist principle of taking into account the specific national, historical, class and other conditions of individual countries in order to correctly understand the patterns and nature of the revolutions taking place in these countries. Leninism demands the observance of the principle of obligatory consideration of the nationally special and the nationally specific in each individual country.
Mao Zedong approaches the solution of the problem of the special, specific conditions of a revolutionary war in China dialectically. He studies the experience of wars and revolutions in other countries in order to critically examine this experience and take from it what is suitable for the Chinese people. Mao Zedong especially appreciates the experience of the civil war in the USSR. He writes: “The experience of this civil war, led by Lenin and Stalin, is of worldwide significance. This experience and its theoretical generalization by Lenin and Stalin serve as a compass for all communist parties, including the Communist Party of China” (p. 332). Mao Zedong, leading the development of strategic military plans and their implementation, theoretically covers the strategy and tactics of the revolutionary war in China.
The volume concludes with Mao Zedong's philosophical work, Concerning Practice. This work is known to a wide range of our readers. “Regarding practice” is evidence that the Chinese Communist Party was brought up on Marxist-Leninist philosophical principles. The issues of strategy and tactics of the revolution, developed by the Communist Party of China, are based on the laws of materialist dialectics, applied to the specific conditions of Chinese reality.
The first volume of the selected works of Comrade Mao Zedong is a new evidence of the great vitality of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism. The Chinese Communist Party, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, is consistently fighting for their implementation. She perceived Marxism-Leninism not dogmatically, but creatively, successfully applying the theory of Marxism to a country like China, and thereby seriously enriching Marxist theory.
All fraternal communist parties, all fighters for peace, democracy and socialism, reading the works of Comrade Mao Zedong, will find many remarkable examples of the heroic revolutionary war that lasted a quarter of a century. Many will understand even more deeply how inevitable the laws of history are, how, guided by Marxist theory, the peoples are breaking the road to socialism. No matter how hard the imperialists of many countries, especially the American and British ones, tried to stop the Chinese revolution by their intervention, they turned out to be powerless and were thrown out of China along with their servants - the despicable cabal of Chiang Kai-shek.
The Soviet people will study with great attention the works of Mao Zedong, in which the ideas of the indestructible friendship of the great peoples are vividly embodied. Friendship between the Soviet and Chinese peoples is an invincible force, a guarantee of the further strengthening of the socialist camp, of intensifying its struggle for lasting peace, for the freedom and equality of peoples.
* Publication date.
** The publication of the selected works of Comrade Mao Zedong in four volumes has begun in Peking. The publication was prepared by the commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and reviewed by the author. The Soviet Publishing House of Foreign Literature has published the first volume of selected works of Mao Zedong translated into Russian (approx. doc.).
In the article, the author makes page-by-page references to this edition (see Mao Zedong. Selected Works. -V.1. -M., 1952).
Works by I.V. Stalin are cited in: Stalin IV. Works. - A /., 1947-1948.
*** Chen Duxiu - one of the founders of the Communist Party of China, the first general secretary of the CPC Central Committee in 1921-1927. In 1927, he was removed from party posts and then expelled from the CPC.
**** Chen Shaoyu (Wang Ming) - statesman and politician of the People's Republic of China, member of the People's Political Consultative Council (PPCC), member of the CPC Central Committee in 1931-1945.
Letter from Premier of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai to Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR V.M. Molotov. September 6, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 41-44
Archive: Central Archive of the People's Republic of China. – Z1:1952. 312:6, Party documents. 1999. Issue. 5. S. 3, translated from Chinese. lang., RGAE. F. 4372. Op. 11. D. 995. L. 95-139.
16.
Letter from Premier of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai to Vice Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR V.M. Molotov 1
Comrade Molotov,
In the interests of the planned development of China's national economy and the rapid improvement of China's technical level, we hope that the Soviet government will continue to send the following technical documentation to China in full:
1. Materials relating to product standards in force in industry and other sectors of the national economy of the USSR, namely, the state standard, the all-Union standard, temporary specifications, as well as production standards at individual enterprises;
2. Model projects for the construction of mines, factories, schools, hospitals and other facilities;
3. Technological regulations of industrial and transport enterprises;
4. Production drawings of machines and generators;
5. Materials for the operation of equipment used in the industrial sector and capital construction in the USSR, as well as at advanced enterprises, technical and economic standards for the consumption of raw materials, materials, electricity, fuel.
If the above request is approved by the government of the USSR, the Trade Representation of the People's Republic of China in the USSR could become a permanent body for carrying out this work. On the instructions of the Government of the People's Republic of China, it will timely send to the Government of the USSR an application for the provision of equipment and materials to China.
With communist greetings,
Zhou Enlai
1 The issues raised in the document were previously raised in the information report by Zhou Enlai “The Economic Situation in China and the Tasks of the Five-Year Construction”, directed by I.V. Stalin August 29, 1952
“[...] V. Questions in which China will need assistance from the Soviet Union
The experience of the Soviet Union and the technical and financial assistance provided by the Soviet Union are a decisive factor in the successful prospective construction in China. We ask the Soviet Union to provide us with the following assistance:
1. Please consider the guidelines, tasks and main indicators of the draft five-year plan developed by us. Will China be able to cope with such construction, how to combine construction in China with plans for construction in the USSR and in the countries of the new democracy? In addition, we ask the Soviet government to instruct the relevant bodies of the USSR to assist us in considering the scale, timing and other issues related to our construction.
2. In addition, we ask the Soviet government to provide us with the following technical assistance:
1) Design. Over the past three years, 49 construction projects had to be designed in China. The Soviet government agreed to provide assistance, and work on the design of these enterprises is already underway. In addition, our request for assistance in the design of 24 facilities is under consideration by the Soviet government. The design of these plants will be of great importance for industrial construction in China and for the advancement of the technical level of the country, both now and in the years to come. The absence to date of a long-term plan for building in China, the lack of experience, and the frequent changes being made to projects already agreed upon by both countries create many additional difficulties for the Soviet Union. However, we are sure
It follows from the foregoing that China, according to its current technical level, is not yet in a position to carry out the design of large enterprises on its own. Therefore, we are asking the Soviet government to undertake the design of the 58 plants, mines and laboratories planned by us, 40 coal mines and 28 power plants, transformer stations and power lines. And during the years of the five-year plan to complete the design work on them, as well as draw up a plan for aerial photography of forest areas. If we add to this another 24 objects, the design request for which had previously been submitted to the Soviet government for consideration, then a total of 151 objects would be obtained.
In addition, we ask the Soviet government to send in the second half of this year. in China, five mixed teams of specialists to work on the planning, location and design of enterprises on a national scale. The tasks of these five groups will include:
a) Drawing up a plan for the electrification of the entire country (including hydro and thermal power plants and power lines);
b) Determining the prospects for the development of the country's metallurgical industry (including high-quality steels) and developing a product range;
c) Drawing up a general plan for the reorganization of existing and construction of new machine-building enterprises (including tool, mining equipment, metallurgical equipment, engines, etc.);
d) Drawing up a plan for the reorganization, expansion and restructuring of shipyards;
e) Drawing up a plan for the reorganization, expansion and construction of steam locomotive car building plants.
Among the objects, projects for which are carried out by the Soviet Union, nine objects belong to the construction sites of the second stage. In addition, in the course of the implementation of the five-year plan, it may become necessary to ask the Soviet Union to take over the design of some other plants. With this we will turn to the Soviet government at the appropriate moment.
At the same time, we are asking the Soviet government to carry out survey work on six of the projects we are asking the Soviet Union to design.
2) For industrial equipment. It is planned to receive complete complete equipment for all enterprises, which are being designed by Soviet specialists at our request. In accordance with the technical standards for equipment specified in the Soviet draft, the question of what equipment will be supplied from the Soviet Union, what should be independently manufactured at Chinese factories and what will be manufactured at Chinese factories according to Soviet drawings will be decided.
In view of the weakness of our machine-building industry, it cannot manufacture large and complex equipment. Therefore, within five years it is planned to receive from the Soviet Union about a million tons of industrial equipment (including complete and incomplete equipment). Part of the building steel structures that will be required in the first five-year plan is also expected to be imported from the Soviet Union.
3) Help from specialists. At present, 457 Soviet specialists are working at various enterprises and in the financial, economic, cultural and educational bodies of China. These experts have made a huge contribution to the construction of China.
In addition to the 457 specialists currently working in China, we intend to use in 1952 another 89 specialists, whose sending to China has been agreed by the Soviet government. In 1953, we plan to invite another 418 specialists to work in financial and economic bodies and in enterprises (an application for specialists to work in the aviation industry and in government bodies will be submitted separately).
4) Issues of technical documentation. In order to raise the technical level of production in China as soon as possible, in order to unify Chinese standards with Soviet standards in construction, ask the Soviet government to systematically supply China with the following technical documentation:
a) Technical standards (applied on an all-Union scale and applied at exemplary enterprises);
b) Some standard designs;
c) Some operating instructions;
d) Some drawings in the field of machine tool building, mechanical engineering and electrical engineering;
e) Some modern technical and economic indicators”.
Recording of the conversation of P.D. Popov with the Secretary General of the All-China Society of Sino-Soviet Friendship Qian Junrui. September 12, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 44-47
Archive: WUA RF. F. 0100. Op. 45. P. 343. D. 13. L. 50-53.
17.
At the request of the General Secretary of the OKSD, Comrade Qian Junrui, on September 12, 1952, at 5 pm, a conversation took place in the premises of the OKSD with the authorized VOKS in the PRC, Comrade Popov P.D.
The conversation was also attended by senior officials of OKSD vols. Li Zhanwu, Zhang Zhen and Pan Defing and Kirillov, interpreter at the OKS.
Tov. Qian Junrui asked me if there was any information about the arrival of the Soviet delegation to the PRC to participate in the supposed Month of Soviet-Chinese Friendship*.
I replied that this issue is currently under consideration by the government. Tov. Qian Junrui informed me that three days ago the chairman of the OCSD, Comrade Liu Shaoqi, sent a telegram to Premier Zhou Enlai in Moscow** asking him to communicate with the government of the Soviet Union regarding the arrival of this delegation. I, in turn, promised to notify the General Secretary immediately, as soon as I received information about the arrival of our delegation.
Further, the general secretary asked me to inform the Center (Moscow) that it is desirable that the delegation come with 250 people (including film actors).
According to Comrade Qian Junrui, by decision of the CPC and the PRC government, the Month of Sino-Soviet Friendship will be given a very large scale and the upcoming events will have to cover the entire country, including remote areas. Tov. Qian Junrui said that requests were coming from many medium and small towns in China for a Soviet delegation to visit these towns.
In this connection, the OKSD wants the members of the Soviet delegation to visit as many cities as possible after their arrival in Beijing.
OKSD proposes that the Soviet delegation be divided into four large groups and set off along the following main routes: the first group (70-80 people) - Eastern and Central-South China, the second group (40-50 people) - Northern China and Manchuria, the third group (40-50 people) - Southwest China, the fourth group (40-50 people) - Northwest China and Xinjiang. The DCSD also suggests that upon arrival at the centers of these large areas, the groups should be divided into subgroups (8-10 people each) so that they can visit as many cities as possible. It is desirable that these subgroups include both speakers and artists. Members of the Soviet delegation who go to Xinjiang will be able to return to the Soviet Union via Alma-Ata after the end of the Month.
Further, Comrade Qian Junrui expressed the wish that the VOKS sent to Beijing 2-3 weeks before the arrival of the main delegation of two or three VOKS employees to establish contacts with the OCSD to develop routes and resolve other organizational issues. Tov. Qian Junrui asked me to inform the chairman of the VOKS about this request. I promised Comrade Qian Junrui to immediately bring this to the attention of Comrade Kurdyukov, Chargé d'Affaires of the Embassy.
Then Comrade Qian Junrui asked me about the work of the VOKS in Beijing, I told him about the upcoming reports and exhibitions, and in turn asked the OCSD to assist in holding these events. In particular, I asked the OKSD to invite one or two of the members of the delegation of Chinese peasants who visited the Soviet Union to speak at the VOKS, to speak about their impressions of visiting the Soviet Union. Tov. Qian Junrui promised to provide us with full assistance in this matter and, in turn, approved the topic of the report - "On socialist competition and the struggle for an austerity regime in the USSR", which will be presented to the VOKS.
Further, I asked Comrade Qian Junrui that, in view of the approaching year 1953, it is desirable that the OKSD draw up by September 18 lists of materials, including lists of periodicals, which the OKSD wishes to receive in 1953 from the VOKS. Tov. Qian Junrui promised to submit the required data by September 18th.
Tov. Qian Junrui said that the CPC Central Committee decided to involve all party organizations in the work of holding the Month and oblige all leading party workers to lead this work. It was also decided to invite all Chinese citizens who visited the Soviet Union as part of various public delegations to participate in the Month. The All-China OKSD planned to hold a meeting of senior officials of the local branches of the OKSD to discuss the upcoming Month.
The meeting will begin on September 15 and will last until September 18. Tov. Qian Junrui asked me to attend this meeting. I agreed.
I asked Comrade Qian Junrui about the materials handed over by the OCSD in recent days, and asked him to inform the BOKS of his comments on the materials to help learners of the Russian language. Tov. Qian Junrui said that he would report everything in detail in the month of October. After the conversation ended, I invited Comrade Qian Junrui and other comrades who were present at the conversation to visit the VOKS and get acquainted with the work being carried out there. Tov. Qian Junrui and other comrades willingly gave their consent to visit the VOKS. After examining the exhibition hall, reading room, radio center and VOKS library, Comrade Qian Junrui expressed his satisfaction with the state of all property and the overall work of VOKS.
After viewing, I presented Comrade Qian Junrui with several reproductions depicting the meeting between Comrade Stalin and Comrade Mao Zedong, the illustrated album “Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin” and Obraztsov’s book *** “My Profession”.
Tov. Qian Junrui heartily thanked me and VOKS for the great help they receive daily in their daily work.
The conversation continued until 7 pm.
Representative of the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries in the People's Republic of China
P. Popov
* See doc. 12.
** Zhou Enlai was in Moscow from August 17 to September 22, 1952.
*** Obraztsov S.V. - Soviet theatrical figure, actor and director, People's Artist of the USSR. In 1931-1992. - Head of the Central Puppet Theatre.
Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China on the extension of the joint use of the Chinese naval base Port Arthur. 15 September. 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 47-49
Archive: AVPRF. F. Za. Op. 1. P. 40. D. 264. L. 1-3., AVPRF. F. Za. Op. 1. P. 40. D. 264. L. 4-5.
eighteen.
Agreement between the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China on the extension of the period of joint use of the Chinese naval base Port Arthur (in the form of an exchange of notes)
Note of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.Ya. Vyshinsky
Dear Comrade Minister!
After Japan's refusal to conclude a comprehensive peace treaty and after it concluded a separate treaty with the United States and some other countries, as a result of which Japan does not have and apparently does not want to have a peace treaty with the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, dangerous world conditions favorable for a repetition of Japanese aggression.
In view of this, and in order to ensure peace, and also based on the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Government of the People's Republic of China proposes and asks the Soviet Government to agree to extend the period established in Article 2 of the Sino-Soviet agreement on Port Arthur, the deadline for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the jointly used Chinese naval base of Port Arthur until such time as peace treaties are concluded between the People's Republic of China and Japan and the Soviet Union and Japan.
If the Soviet Government agrees to the above proposal of the Government of the People's Republic of China, then this note and your response note will be considered an integral part of the Agreement of February 14, 1950 between the PRC and the USSR regarding the naval base of Port Arthur, which entered into force on the date of the exchange notes.
I ask you, Comrade Minister, to accept the assurances of my highest consideration for you.
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
Zhou Enlai
September 15, 1952
Note of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.Ya. Vyshinsky to Chinese Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai
Dear Comrade Prime Minister and Minister,
I acknowledge receipt of your note dated September 15 this year, which states:
“After Japan's refusal to conclude a comprehensive peace treaty and after it concluded a separate treaty with the United States and some other countries, in view of which Japan does not have and, apparently, does not want to have a peace treaty with the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, dangerous peace affairs conditions favorable for a repetition of Japanese aggression.
In view of this and in order to ensure peace, and also based on the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Government of the People's Republic of China proposes and asks the Soviet Government to agree to extend the period established in Article 2 of the Sino-Soviet Agreement on Port Arthur, the term for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the jointly used Chinese naval base of Port Arthur until such time as peace treaties are concluded between the People's Republic of China and Japan and the Soviet Union and Japan.
The Soviet Government expresses its consent to the above proposal of the Government of the People's Republic of China, and also to your note and this reply to it being an integral part of the above Agreement of February 14, 1950 on the naval base of Port Arthur from the date of the exchange of these notes .
I ask you, Comrade Prime Minister and Minister, to accept the assurances of my highest consideration for you.
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR
AND I. VyshinskySoviet-Chinese communiqué on the transfer of the Chinese Changchun railway to the government of the People's Republic of China. September 15, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. p. 49
Archive: News. 1952. 16 Sept.
19.
In accordance with the established relations of friendship and cooperation between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, on February 14, 1950, an agreement was signed in Moscow on the Chinese Changchun Railway, by virtue of which the Soviet government transfers all its rights under the joint management of the Chinese Changchun Railway with all property belonging to the road. According to this agreement, the transfer of the specified Chinese Changchun railway should be carried out no later than at the end of 1952.
At present, the Soviet government and the government of the People's Republic of China have begun to carry out measures to implement this agreement and for this purpose have agreed to form a Mixed Soviet-Chinese Commission.
The Joint Soviet-Chinese Commission must complete the transfer of the Chinese Changchun Railway to the People's Republic of China no later than December 31, 1952*
* See doc. 34.Soviet-Chinese communique on the negotiations between the government delegations of the USSR and the PRC. September 16, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 50-51
Archive: News. 1952. 16 Sept.
20.
Recently, negotiations took place in Moscow between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I.V. Stalin, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.Ya. Vyshinsky and Minister of Foreign Trade of the USSR P.N. Kumykin, on the one hand, and the government delegation of the People's Republic of China, headed by the Premier of the State Administrative Council, Minister of Foreign Affairs Zhou Enlai, consisting of Deputy Premier of the State Administrative Council Chen Yun, Vice Chairman of the Financial and Economic Committee Li Fuchun, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the PRC in the USSR, Zhang Wentian and Deputy Chief of the General Staff Su Yuya, on the other**.
During these negotiations, important political and economic issues of relations between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China were considered. The talks, which proceeded in an atmosphere of friendly mutual understanding and cordiality, reaffirmed the determination of both sides to direct their efforts to further strengthening and developing friendship and cooperation between them, at the same time contributing in every possible way to the preservation and strengthening of peace and international security.
In the course of negotiations, the parties agreed to start taking measures for the transfer by the Soviet government to the government of the People's Republic of China at the end of 1952 in full ownership of all their rights to jointly manage the Chinese Changchun Railway with all the property owned by the road ***.
At the same time, Premier of the State Administrative Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.Ya. Vyshinsky exchanged notes on the issue of extending the joint use of the Chinese naval base Port Arthur****.
** Recordings of conversations between the Soviet and Chinese government delegations are published in the collection of documents “The People's Republic of China ...” - Vol. 2.
In addition to the documents indicated in the communiqué, during the negotiations on September 15, 1952, an Agreement was also signed between the governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Mongolian People's Republic and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China on the organization of direct railway communication between the USSR, the MPR and the PRC.
***Cm. doc. 19.
****Cm. doc. 18.Note by the head of the first Far Eastern Department of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs N.T. Fedorenko to the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR G.M. Pushkin. September 20, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. p. 51
Archive: AVPRF. F. 0100. Op. 45. P. 342. D. 11. L. 17.
21.
Counselor of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China Ge Baoquan in a conversation dated September 5 this year. raised the question of organizing an exhibition of Chinese New Year popular prints in Moscow on the day of the 3rd anniversary of the proclamation of the People's Republic of China.
By order of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 24218-rs dated September 18 of this year. The request of the Chinese Embassy to organize such an exhibition was granted. In this regard, the Committee for Arts turned to the USSR Foreign Ministry with a request to find out when the embassy could transfer the exhibits to the Committee.
I consider it necessary to inform Ge Baoquan that the Committee for Arts agrees to organize an exhibition of popular prints in Moscow in October 1952 on the day of the 3rd anniversary of the PRC and that the Committee for Arts invites a representative of the Ministry of Arts to the USSR to assist in organizing this exhibition. for Cultural Affairs of the People's Republic of China*.
I also consider it possible to ask Ge Baoquan at the same time when the embassy will be able to transfer the exhibits to the Committee for Arts**.
I ask for your instructions.
N. Fedorenko
* Information about the consent to organize an exhibition in Moscow was transmitted to Ge Baoquan by telephone on September 22, 1952.
** The exhibits were handed over by the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the USSR to the Committee for the Arts of the USSR on September 23, 1952.Speech by Premier of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai upon his departure from Moscow. September 22, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 52-53
Archive: News. 1952. 23 Sept.
22.
Dear comrades,
Today, on the day of the departure of the government delegation of the People's Republic of China from Moscow, allow me, on behalf of the Chinese people, the Government of the People's Republic of China and on behalf of Chairman Mao Zedong, to express sincere gratitude to the great Soviet people, the government of the USSR and Generalissimo Stalin for the warm welcome and great Attention.
During our stay in Moscow between the government delegation of the People's Republic of China and the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, with the personal participation of Comrade Stalin, negotiations were successfully completed on important political and economic issues of relations between China and the USSR, a joint communique was published on the transfer of the Chinese Changchun Railway road to the Government of the People's Republic of China* and there was an exchange of notes on the extension of the joint use of the Chinese naval base of Port Arthur**. This led to the further strengthening and development of friendship and cooperation between China and the Soviet Union. Thus, we have completed the honorable task set before us by Chairman Mao Zedong.
During their stay in the Soviet Union, our delegation got acquainted with the industrial construction of Moscow, visited the hero city of Stalingrad and the Volga-Don Canal named after Lenin. This gave us the opportunity to see with our own eyes how the great Soviet people, under the leadership of Comrade Stalin, showing a conscious labor enthusiasm unprecedented in the history of mankind and possessing highly mechanized equipment, victoriously entered a new stage of communist construction. This brilliant construction brings new inspiration not only for the Soviet people, but also for the people of China and the working people of the whole world on the path to a brighter future - communism.
We deeply believe that the great unbreakable friendship between China and the Soviet Union will expand not only from day to day, but from generation to generation. There is no doubt that any provocation and any attempt to destroy this great friendship will be defeated by the combined forces of the peoples of China and the Soviet Union.
A mighty, friendly alliance between China and the USSR is the surest guarantee of maintaining peace in the Far East and throughout the world. Long live the great Soviet people!
Long live the most beloved friend and teacher of the Chinese people, the great leader of the working people of the whole world, comrade Stalin!
* See doc. nineteen.
** See doc. eighteen.
Instructions from the board of the All-China Society of Sino-Soviet Friendship on holding a month of Sino-Soviet friendship. October 8, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 53-54
Archive: Archive of the Chinese People's Society for Friendship with Foreign Countries. - G95. 4. 11, translated from Chinese. lang.
23.
November 7 this year marks the 35th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution in the USSR. In order to organize the celebration, as well as to demonstrate the successes of socialist construction in the USSR, with the aim of promoting socialism and communism among the masses of our country, further developing the spirit of friendship and unity between the Chinese and Soviet peoples, the Society decided to hold throughout the country from November 7 to December 6 Month of Sino-Soviet Friendship. A delegation of the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries and groups of amateur artists from the Soviet Union will take part in it. In this regard, we offer:
1. In the above-mentioned period (November 7 to December 6), all over the country in large and medium-sized cities, it is necessary to hold large-scale mass events of the Month of Sino-Soviet Friendship within one week in accordance with specific local conditions. In early November, in the settlements intended for visiting by the Soviet delegation and groups of amateur artists, to conduct preparations, and on the day of the arrival of the Soviet delegation, officially begin celebrations. In districts, towns, villages at the county level, it is necessary to organize such events in accordance with specific conditions.
2. To participate in the activities of the Month of Sino-Soviet Friendship, it is necessary to attract and mobilize the broad masses, including workers, peasants, soldiers, intellectuals, industrialists and merchants. Events should be visible, active and varied, including the organization of lectures, reports, public discussions and radio programs; demonstration of films and filmstrips; holding parties, exhibitions; opening of agitation centers, propaganda tents and broadcasting outlets; issue of wall newspapers, propaganda brochures, albums; publication of articles and other propaganda materials in the press, etc. At the points intended for visiting the Soviet delegation and groups of amateur artists, it is necessary to organize their meetings with the broad masses, invite them to make reports and performances,
3. During the activities of the Month of Sino-Soviet Friendship, it is necessary to lay a solid foundation for the further daily work of the All-China Society of Sino-Soviet Friendship. Therefore, local friendship societies should make efforts during Sino-Soviet Friendship Month to develop and strengthen the Society. The existing grassroots organizations must be strengthened, and where they do not exist, new ones must be created.
We hope that governments, provincial and city offices will carry out preparatory work in advance. With the participation of representatives of local authorities and people's organizations, preparatory committees will be formed, specific plans will be developed and target dates will be set. Upon completion of the work, its results must be summarized in a timely manner. Report to the Board on the current state of local preparations.
All-China Society for Sino-Soviet FriendshipAgreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China on the treatment of citizens of the PRC in hospitals and sanatoriums of the USSR. October 9, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 55-57
Archive: AVPRF. F. Za. Op. 1. P. 40. D. 268. L. 1-5.
24.
The government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, meeting the wish of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, agrees to provide medical and sanatorium assistance to sick citizens of the PRC sent to the USSR.
In accordance with the foregoing, the Governments of both Parties have agreed as follows:
Article 1
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics agrees, at the request of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, to place no more than 100 citizens of the PRC at one time in hospitals and sanatoriums in the USSR for treatment.
All issues relating to the treatment of Chinese citizens sent to hospitals and sanatoriums of the USSR are resolved on the part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics by the Ministry of Health of the USSR, and on the part of the People's Republic of China - by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China.
Article 2
Patients sent for treatment in the USSR must go through a medical commission consisting of representatives of the PRC Ministry of Health and Soviet doctors working in China authorized by the USSR Ministry of Health for this purpose.
The conclusion of this commission, as well as the necessary data on the patient (surname, age, gender, official position), the Ministry of Health of the PRC through the Embassy of the PRC in the USSR sends to the Ministry of Health of the USSR so that the latter can decide on the possibility of treatment and placement of the patient in a hospital or sanatorium .
Article 3
Visas for entry into the USSR of the persons referred to in Article 1 of this Agreement shall be issued in accordance with the general procedure.
Article 4
Chinese citizens placed in hospitals and sanatoriums of the USSR on the basis of this Agreement shall be subject to the regime established for patients undergoing treatment in hospitals and sanatoriums of the USSR.
The Ministry of Health of the USSR will inform the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the USSR about the state of health of Chinese citizens who are in hospitals or sanatoriums in the USSR, in order to transfer the said information to the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China.
Article 5
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics incurs costs associated with the treatment and maintenance of citizens of the People's Republic of China in hospitals and sanatoriums in the USSR, including the costs of interpreters and transportation during treatment.
Transportation costs associated with the arrival of Chinese citizens in medical institutions of the USSR and their departure from these institutions to the PRC shall be borne by the Government of the People's Republic of China.
Article 6
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China shall reimburse the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for the expenses indicated in paragraph 1 of Article 5 of this Agreement. All calculations are made twice a year: for the first half of the year - in October of the same calendar year and for the second half of the year - in April of the next calendar year. Payments are made on accounts presented by the Ministry of Finance of the USSR by crediting the appropriate amounts to the account of the State Bank of the USSR in the People's Bank of the People's Republic of China, opened in accordance with the Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China on non-commercial payments dated November 4, 1950 .*
This Agreement shall enter into force from the date of its signing. Done in the city of Moscow on October 9, 1952, in duplicate, each in Russian and Chinese, both texts being equally authentic.
(Signatures)
* See Soviet-Chinese relations ... S. 181-183.Note of the USSR Embassy in the People's Republic of China in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. October 22, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. page 57
Archive: AVPRF. F. 179. Op. 32. P. 18. D. 1. L. 111.
25.
The Embassy of the USSR in the People's Republic of China shows its respect to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC and has the honor to announce that the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a decision to transfer to the government of the PRC the Epoch publishing house with all material assets, cash, receivables and payables for a total amount of 963.7 thousand rubles according to the balance as of August 1, 1952 *
The transfer of the Epoch publishing house to the government of the People's Republic of China was instructed to be carried out by the TASS branch in Beijing.
The Embassy asks the Ministry to bring the above to the attention of the PRC government, which would appoint organizations and persons authorized to receive the Epoch publishing house.
The authorized governments of the People's Republic of China should agree on the date of transfer-reception of the Epoch publishing house with the TASS office in Beijing and issue the transfer-receipt with an appropriate document.
* See doc. 32.Message from the Organizing Committee of the Month of Sino-Soviet Friendship. October 28, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 57-58
Archive: Archive of the Chinese People's Society for Friendship with Foreign Countries. G95. 4. 11, translated from Chinese. lang.
26.
To central ministries, committees, institutions, departments: On October 27, at a meeting of the All-China Committee of the People's Political Consultative Council of China, Premier Zhou Enlai pointed out that during the period of Sino-Soviet Friendship Month, all enterprises and organizations employing Soviet specialists should check the status of cooperation relations with Soviet specialists. Pay special attention to whether the assistance of Soviet specialists is used to the fullest extent to improve work, and also to study how friendly cooperation with Soviet specialists can be strengthened in the future and more efficient use of their experience.
It is hereby communicated. Please follow the instructions.
regards,
Organizing Committee of the Month of Sino-Soviet Friendship
Article by the General Secretary of the All-China Society of Sino-Soviet Friendship Qian Junrui "Friendship of Great Nations". November 5, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 58-63
Archive: Truth. 1952. 5 Nov.
27.
The formation of the People's Republic of China in October 1949 ushered in an era of unprecedented development and strengthening of friendly cooperation between the great peoples of China and the Soviet Union.
There has been a deep friendship between the peoples of China and the USSR for a long time. In a difficult time, when China was under the yoke of the imperialists and the Chiang Kai-shek clique, who put up all sorts of obstacles to this friendship, the Chinese people have always felt the hand of friendly help extended to them by the Soviet government and the Soviet people. The Chinese people have always known that the Soviet people are their true friend.
“After the October Socialist Revolution,” says Comrade Mao Zedong, “the Soviet government, guided by the Leninist-Stalinist policy, was the first to annul the unequal treaties with respect to China that existed during the time of tsarist Russia.
For almost 30 years, the Soviet people and the Soviet government have repeatedly rendered assistance to the cause of the liberation of the Chinese people. This fraternal friendship on the part of the Soviet people and the Soviet government, which was awarded to the Chinese people in the days of severe trials, will never be forgotten.”
Deep fraternal friendship has been able to develop and strengthen without limit only under the conditions of the great historical victory won by the Chinese people. The Great Soviet Union was the first to establish diplomatic relations with the newly established People's Republic of China. Following this, in February 1950, with the personal participation of the great Stalin and the great Mao Zedong, the historic Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between China and the Soviet Union was signed.
Thus, the friendship between the great peoples of China and the USSR, numbering 700 million people, was secured in the form of an agreement and agreements on cooperation on various issues.
In response to an invitation from the Chinese government, the Soviet Union sent a large number of specialists to China to assist our country in restoring and developing the national economy. The peoples of our countries maintained cultural ties and sent various delegations to each other.
The People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union showed the closest friendly cooperation on all important international issues and at various international conferences. Their unity and solidarity in the struggle for world peace and in the struggle against imperialist aggression have helped them achieve brilliant successes. All this was clear evidence of the strength of the alliance between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union.
China has acquired in the USSR a great ally, the equal of which it has had throughout its history. The plans of the imperialists and warmongers, who sought to destroy the friendship between China and the Soviet Union, failed.
The Chinese people consider the development and strengthening of Sino-Soviet friendship to be one of their main political tasks. The events of the past three years have brought the Chinese people to an even deeper understanding that close cooperation between the great peoples of China and the Soviet Union is the greatest boon for the Chinese people and for the peoples of the whole world. Therefore, all the people of our country value this friendly cooperation.
Over the past three years, Sino-Soviet friendship has been steadily strengthening. On October 5, 1949, the Sino-Soviet Friendship Society (OKSD) was established. The goals of this organization, said Society Chairman Liu Shaoqi, are to "develop and strengthen fraternal friendship and cooperation between the peoples of China and the Soviet Union, promote the exchange of spiritual values and experience between these two great peoples."
The Sino-Soviet Friendship Society unites the broad working masses of workers and peasants of various nationalities, officers and fighters of the People's Liberation Army, pupils and students, teachers of higher educational institutions, famous scientists of the country, figures of literature and art, members of various democratic parties, representatives of religious circles, public figures. At present, the Sino-Soviet Friendship Society unites about 39 million people in its ranks, being the largest mass organization in China.
The Society is doing a great deal of work to acquaint our people with the successes of the Soviet Union. During the three years of its existence, the organizations of the society have issued 74 different periodicals. In addition, about six hundred different books, pamphlets and collections about the Soviet Union and the Soviet experience were published.
Particularly great successes have been achieved in showing Soviet films. Society organizations have 207 film brigades showing Soviet films. These films are a huge success with the audience. They not only acquaint them with socialist reality, but also instill in them the spirit of collectivism, patriotism and revolutionary heroism.
For example, soldiers of the People's Liberation Army in one of the districts of Hubei province, after watching and discussing the film "The Battle of Stalingrad", put forward the slogan: "Learn from the Soviet Army its patriotism and revolutionary heroism!" Society member Ren Qingmei, a peasant from Xiasetao village in the same province, initiated a tree planting movement after watching the movie Michurin. As a result, over 9,300 trees were planted in the village last spring and 31 orchards were planted.
Photo exhibitions organized by the society played an important role in strengthening Sino-Soviet friendship and in familiarizing the Chinese people with the achievements of the Soviet Union. According to incomplete statistics, the UCSD organizations held over fourteen thousand photo exhibitions until the end of April this year, which were viewed by about fifty-one million people. Beginning in August of last year, the Society has been reproducing Soviet photographs in large numbers and supplying their local organizations with them. In many cities, for the display of Soviet photographs and photographs reflecting Sino-Soviet friendship, in shop windows, “Windows of the USSR”, “Windows of the OKSD” are specially set aside for this purpose.
Among the many valuable gifts we received from the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries were ten propaganda buses equipped with movie cameras, radios and loudspeakers. These propaganda buses played a big role in the work of the society. In addition to the demonstration of films, with the help of agitation buses, the transfer of recordings, the display of transparencies, the organization of photo exhibitions and mobile libraries were carried out.
Our Society has done significant work in organizing lectures, reports, interviews and radio broadcasts. Thanks to the close ties established with various Chinese cultural societies, we have been able to carry out work in various forms to acquaint the broad masses with the successes of Soviet literature and science.
The exhibition of Surikov's paintings held in Beijing, and especially the exhibition of Soviet posters and caricatures, taught the artists of our country a lot. Chinese youth are studying various forms of Soviet art with great enthusiasm. Full of optimism and genuine happiness, the young people attending these courses are the true embodiment of joyful friendship!
Specialists sent by the Soviet Union to assist in various branches of the construction of our country constantly make reports introducing the experience of construction in the Soviet Union, and in this way they are rendering us enormous help.
The study of advanced Soviet production experience is an important factor in helping Chinese workers to increase labor productivity and build a new, happy life. Over the past three years, the Society, together with other public organizations, has launched a campaign for the study and implementation of advanced Soviet production methods, including high-speed and multi-cutting metal processing, the latest methods of electric welding, driving heavy trains and the movement of five-hundred drivers.
So, for example, after a member of the Society, worker Li Shan in the city of Tangshan, successfully mastered the latest Soviet method of electric welding, the local branch of the Society sent representatives to the factory where he works to provide support and specific assistance. The society prepared various materials about this method of electric welding and held a demonstrative demonstration of it, inviting advanced electric welders from other enterprises for this. After the introduction of this advanced method of work in production, labor productivity increased by forty percent.
The study of the Russian language became a mass movement among Chinese youth and intelligentsia. The Chinese people understand that the study of the Russian language is an important step towards the study of advanced Soviet experience. Members of the Society express their ardent desire to learn the Russian language. In order to meet their needs, eighty evening schools of the Russian language have been set up in various parts of the country. In addition, in many areas the Society organized the study of the Russian language by radio. In Beijing, among the students of the Russian language departments of the capital's universities, the Society for Assistance to Learners of the Russian Language is organized, whose members take turns visiting groups of learners of the Russian language and assisting them in resolving difficulties that arise. Great help in this work is given to us by Soviet specialists, as well as Russian language lessons broadcast by Moscow radio.
Over the past three years, the exchange of experience and spiritual values between the peoples of China and the USSR has also found its concrete embodiment in the mutual sending of delegations from our two peoples. The Soviet people sent to China a delegation of Soviet workers in culture, art and science, a delegation of Soviet youth, a delegation of Soviet athletes. These and many other delegations shared with our people the experience of progressive Soviet socialist culture, rendered us assistance, and in their turn became acquainted with the culture of the new China.
The Chinese people also sent a number of delegations to the Soviet Union: a delegation to participate in the celebration of the anniversary of the October Revolution, a trade union delegation, a delegation of Chinese students, a delegation of Chinese youth, a delegation of the OKSD to participate in May Day celebrations, and an artistic ensemble.
During the three years of its existence, the OKSD took the first steps to acquaint the Soviet people with the struggle and construction of the people of the new China.
The Sino-Soviet Friendship Society strives to educate the working people in the spirit of internationalism and patriotism. The members of the Society are extremely active in the work connected with the campaign of resistance to American aggression and assistance to Korea, and in the struggle for peace throughout the world.
Over the past three years, the Chinese people have made great strides in rebuilding their national economy. In the near future, he will face the task of grandiose economic construction. The new scope of construction will undoubtedly open up unprecedented prospects for the expansion of propaganda activities of the society and for work related to the study of the Soviet experience.
During the past three years, our Society, with the sincere assistance of the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries and the entire Soviet people, has made every effort to fulfill its great mission. The Chinese people express special gratitude to Generalissimo Stalin for his deep concern and friendly help.
We remember the words of our great leader Comrade Mao Zedong about the need to tirelessly strengthen and develop the great indestructible friendship between China and the USSR.
On November 7, Sino-Soviet Friendship Month will begin with a rally in honor of the 35th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. This Month will demonstrate to the whole world the invincible strength of Sino-Soviet friendship.
Long live the great friendship between the peoples of China and the USSR!
Speech by Premier of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai at a rally in Beijing dedicated to the thirty-fifth anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. November 6, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 63-65
Archive: People's Daily. 1952. Nov. 7, translated from Chinese. lang.
28.
Comrades, friends!
The working people of the whole world are celebrating with delight their holiday - the 35th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Let me here, on behalf of the Chinese people, the Chinese government and the Communist Party, warmly congratulate the great Soviet people, the great leader of all progressive mankind and the most beloved friend of the Chinese people, Comrade Stalin.
It is extremely joyful and honorable for us that during the celebration by the Chinese people of the 35th anniversary of the October Socialist Revolution, representatives of the great Soviet people - the Soviet delegation of workers of culture and arts, the Red Banner Song and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Army and the Soviet delegation of filmmakers arrived to participate in events in as part of the Month of Sino-Soviet Friendship. It is a great honor for me to warmly welcome our dear guests here and thank them for the fraternal friendship of the Soviet people towards the Chinese people, which they brought with them!
The victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution and the brilliant achievements of the Soviet people in socialist construction over the past 35 years inspired the peoples of the entire planet to move forward and fight for peace, democracy and socialism. In World War II, the Soviet people delivered all mankind from the fascist yoke. In the post-war years, the Soviet people continued to make great efforts to put into practice the highest ideal of mankind - communism, to defeat the imperialist warmongers, to preserve peace throughout the world. Tov. Stalin, in his recently published classic work “Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR”* and in his speech at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, proposed a concrete path for building communism in the Soviet Union, and also put forward a great program for the struggle and victory of the peoples of the whole world. All the people in the world
The Chinese people learned Marxism-Leninism from the Soviet people and, thanks to the heartfelt help of the Soviet people, achieved the victory of the revolution. With the victory of the Chinese revolution, the traditional friendship between the Chinese and Soviet peoples entered a new stage in its development. In February 1950, under the personal guidance of Comrades. Stalin and Mao Zedong signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance and other agreements; In September 1952, China and the Soviet Union issued a joint statement on the transfer of the Chinese Changchun Railway to the government of the People's Republic of China**, and also exchanged letters on the extension of the joint use of the Chinese naval base Luishunkou***. These events met with the enthusiasm and ardent support of the Chinese people.
For three years the Soviet government has provided China with significant material and technical assistance. A large number of Soviet specialists are enthusiastically helping China in its creative work. Such generous and unselfish assistance from the Soviet government enables us to successfully strengthen our defenses, overcome the economic blockade of the imperialist states, and achieve rapid success in the work of restoring China's economy.
Without a doubt, the strengthening of friendship and cooperation between the Chinese and Soviet peoples, a conscientious study of the revolutionary teachings of Lenin and Stalin and the advanced Soviet experience of socialist construction are truly of great importance for the successful implementation of the large-scale economic construction begun by our country.
It is also certain that such ardent unlimited support by the Soviet Union for our country cannot but arouse in the Chinese people deep and strong feelings of “trust, sympathy and support” for the Soviet people, which Comrade Stalin hopes for.
The unity of the peoples of the two great states - China and the Soviet Union - is based on common interests and mutual trust. Tov. Mao Zedong said in this regard that such unity is "eternal, indestructible and no one is able to split it." Such unity corresponds not only to the interests of the peoples of China and the Soviet Union, but also to the interests of the peoples of the whole world. A friendly alliance between China and the Soviet Union, aimed at maintaining peace, will inevitably destroy any adventurous plans of the imperialist aggressors.
Long live the Great October Socialist Revolution!
Long live the indestructible eternal fraternal friendship of the peoples of China and the Soviet Union!
Long live the great Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - the bulwark of world peace!
Long live the most beloved friend of the Chinese people, the great leader and teacher of the working people of the whole world, Comrade Stalin!
* The work was published in October 1952 and is a collection of articles with comments on the project to create a new textbook on political economy.
** See doc. nineteen.
*** Port Arthur. See doc. eighteen.Exchange of telegrams between Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I.V. Stalin and Chairman of the Central People's Government of China Mao Zedong. November 7, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 66-67
Archive: News. November 7, 1952, AVPRF. F. 07. Op. 25. P. 3. D. 31. L. 58.
29.
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Comrade I.V. Stalin
On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution, on behalf of the Chinese people, the government of the People's Republic of China, and on my own behalf, I send heartfelt congratulations to the glorious Soviet people, the Soviet government, and to you personally.
The Chinese people welcome with great joy the incomparable brilliant successes achieved by the great Soviet people in building communism. These successes serve as a strong new inspiration for the Chinese people, who will soon begin economic construction on a large scale, as well as for the working people of the whole world.
We welcome the colossal successes achieved by the Soviet people in their tireless struggle to preserve and strengthen peace throughout the world. These successes have led to repeated failures of the intrigues of war provocateurs and to an immeasurable strengthening of the confidence of the peace-loving peoples of the whole world in the defense of peace and the prevention of war.
I wish you victory in the cause of protecting peace in the Far East and throughout the world.
I wish the indestructible great friendship between China and the USSR to be further strengthened and developed.
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
Mao Zedong
November 19, 1952
To Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China Comrade Mao Zedong
I ask you, Comrade Chairman, and the Government of the People's Republic of China to accept my deep gratitude for the friendly congratulations and good wishes on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution.
I am confident that the indestructible Soviet-Chinese friendship will continue to grow stronger in the interests of peace and general security.
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
I. StalinExchange of telegrams between the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.Ya. Vyshinsky and Premier of the State Administrative Council of the People's Republic of China, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai. November 7, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 67-68
Archive: People's Daily. - 1952. Nov. 7, translated from Chinese. lang., Renmin Ribao. 1952. Nov. 23, translated from Chinese. lang.
30.
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics A.Ya. Vyshinsky
Please accept, Comrade Minister, my sincere congratulations on the upcoming 35th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. I wish the Soviet peaceful foreign policy to achieve even greater victories, and the close and unshakable great friendship between China and the USSR to grow stronger and develop day by day. This great friendship is a very reliable guarantee against new military provocations and a guarantee of peace in the Far East and throughout the world.
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
Zhou Enlai
November 23, 1952
Premier of the State Administrative Council, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai *
Please accept, Comrade Prime Minister and Minister, my sincere gratitude for your congratulations and wishes on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution.
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.Ya. Vyshinsky
* The document was not published in the Soviet press, was not found in the Russian archives.Letter from Deputy Head of the First Far Eastern Department of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs V.V. Vaskov to the Charge d'Affaires of the USSR in the PRC I.F. Kurdyukov. November 24, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 68-69
Archive: AVPRF. F. 0100. Op. 45. P. 349. D. 66. L. 26.
31.
Council of Ministers of the USSR November 4 this year adopted a resolution that provides for the volume and timing of the supply of equipment for the construction in China of a plant for the production of ZIS-150 vehicles.
Equipment for the plant will be delivered in 1953-1954. Within the same period, working technological documentation and drawings of non-standard equipment will be submitted. The drawings of the ZIS-150 should be handed over to China this year.
The Ministry of Automobile and Tractor Industry of the USSR will accept during 1952-1955. for a period of up to one year, 250 Chinese workers and engineers * for training at Soviet automobile plants, and also sent in 1952-1954. 100 specialists to provide technical assistance in the construction, installation and adjustment of equipment and training for the car factory.
The Ministry of the Automobile and Tractor Industry of the USSR has been appointed the general supplier of equipment for the construction of the plant, and the Ministry of Power Plants of the USSR has been appointed the general supplier of equipment for the plant's thermal power plant (with a capacity of 24,000 kW).
Payment for the cost of equipment and design work for the plant and CHP at the plant, as well as payment for the cost of technical documentation must be made on account of a loan provided by the PRC under an agreement dated February 14, 1950 **
Reported for your information.
Deputy head 1 FEB USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs
V. Vaskov
* Engineering and technical workers.
**Cm. Soviet-Chinese relations ... S. 114-116.Note of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China to the Embassy of the USSR in the People's Republic of China. December 1, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. p. 69
Archive: WUA RF. F. 100. Op. 39. P. 155. D. 5. L. 110.
32.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China pays tribute to the embassy of the USSR and has the honor to reply as follows to the embassy's note dated October 22, 1952, regarding the transfer of the Epoch publishing house to the Chinese government*.
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China expresses its deep gratitude to the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the decision to transfer the Epoch publishing house to China. The Government decided that the General Administration of Publishing Houses of the Central People's Government would take over the reception of the publishing house, and appointed Huang Lofeng, General Manager of the General Administration, as the commissioner of the reception of the publishing house. We ask the representative of the Soviet government to agree with the representative of the Chinese government on the date of transfer and acceptance of the Epoch publishing house, on the procedure and on other specific issues.
* See doc. 25.Credentials of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to the PRC A.S. Panyushkin. December 15, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. p. 70
Archive: AVPRF. F. 57. Op. 47. P. 260. D. 2. L. 152.
33.
Presidium of the Supreme Council
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Comrade Mao Zedong
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
Comrade Chairman,
Desiring to invariably contribute to the further strengthening of the friendly relations that so happily exist between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China, and expressing confidence that the strengthening of friendship between the USSR and the PRC is in the interests of peace and international security, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics has decided to appoint Citizen Alexander Semenovich Panyushkin as his Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
Accrediting Citizen Alexander Semyonovich Panyushkin with this letter, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics asks you, Comrade Chairman, to receive him with favor and believe everything that he will have the honor to expound to you on behalf of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
N.M. Shvernik
Bonded: Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR
AND I. Vyshinsky
Final Protocol of the mixed Soviet-Chinese commission. December 31, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 71-74
Archive: AVPRF. F. Za. Op. 1. P. 41. D. 269. L. 1-13.
34.
Final Protocol of the Joint Soviet-Chinese Commission on the implementation of the gratuitous transfer by the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the government of the People's Republic of China in full ownership of all its rights to jointly manage the Chinese Changchun Railway with all property belonging to the road
In accordance with Art. I Agreement between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China on the Chinese Changchun Railway, Port Arthur and Dalniy of February 14, 1950 *, as well as with the Soviet-Chinese Communiqué on the transfer of the Chinese Changchun Railway to the Government of the People's Republic of China of September 15 1952**, The Joint Soviet-Chinese Commission signed this Final Protocol as follows:
1. Members of the Commission from the Soviet side: Erogov M.S., Vasiliev N.G., Dobashin G.S., Emelyanov I.D. and Zotov N.A., acting on behalf of and under the authority of the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, transferred free of charge to the government of the People's Republic of China in full ownership all the rights of the Soviet government for the joint management of the Chinese Changchun Railway with all the property belonging to the road, and the members of the Commission from the Chinese parties: Yu Guangsheng, Li Mingzhe, Lu Xi, Huang Da, Wang Xueming, acting on behalf of and under the authority of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, accepted free of charge in full ownership all the rights of the Soviet government to jointly manage the Chinese Changchun Railway, with all belonging road property, according to the list,
The property of the Chinese Changchun Railway (KChZhD) donated by the Soviet government to the government of the People's Republic of China includes those named in Art. 2 of the Charter of the Soviet-Chinese Society of the KChZhD, the main highways coming from Art. Manchuria to st. Border (Suifynhe) and from Harbin to Far and Port-Apiypa with lands, railway structures and devices, rolling stock, power plants, telephone and telegraph stations, means and lines of communication, auxiliary railway branches, service and technical and civil buildings, economic organizations, auxiliary and other enterprises and institutions serving the specified road, as well as property acquired,
2. The transfer of the property specified in paragraph 1 of this Final Protocol is formalized by acceptance certificates approved by the Joint Soviet-Chinese Commission attached to this Protocol, in the amount of 105 certificates, signed by members of subcommissions created for this purpose in regions and at enterprises on an equal footing. The schemes of structures, plans of land plots, contracts and other documents transferred at the same time are indicated in the inventories attached to the relevant acceptance certificates.
3. Fixed and working capital specified in Art. 3 of the Charter of the Soviet-Chinese Society of the CCR and transferred free of charge to the full ownership of the People's Republic of China, amount to 22,800,864 million yuan, including:
a) fixed assets, according to the inventory data as of January 1, 1952, taking into account the changes that took place in 1952, at a replacement cost - 22,409,932 million yuan;
b) own working capital - 390,932 million yuan, in the amount of the authorized working capital of the CCPR Society, approved by the governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China.
4. The Joint Soviet-Chinese Commission approved the acts of inventory of all settlement balance sheet items (debtors, creditors, settlements with the Bank of China on taxes and other payments) drawn up on December 31, 1952, of each enterprise and the CCR Society as a whole, transferred to the Chinese government.
5. Members of the Joint Soviet-Chinese Commission on behalf of the Chinese side, on behalf of and under the authority of the government of the People's Republic of China, declared that the Chinese government undertakes the settlement and settlement of all claims, no matter what time they may be, which, after the transfer of the CZR and its enterprises, may be presented by third parties to the former KChZhD Society and its enterprises.
6. The profit from the activities of the CCPR Society for 1952, revealed from the liquidation balance sheet as of December 31, 1952, is divided between the governments of the USSR and the PRC in half and, no later than within one month after the approval of the annual balance sheet and the report of the CCPR Society by both governments, is transferred to the governments.
7. The joint Soviet-Chinese management of the Chinese Changchun Railway is terminated on December 31, 1952 at 18:00. 00 min. Beijing time. Manager of the Chinese Changchun Railway Grunichev N.A. and Deputy Manager of the Chinese Changchun Railway, Guo Lu, give an order by telegraph on the road to transfer their joint management of the road to the head of the Harbin Railway (former CZR), appointed Minister of Railway Transport of the Central People's Government of the PRC.
From the same time, the Board of the Society of the CChRW, the Audit Committee and the Main Control of the Society of the CChRW cease their activities.
8. After the gratuitous transfer to the government of the People's Republic of China in full ownership of all the rights of the Soviet government for the joint management of the Chinese Changchun Railway with all the property belonging to the road, the rights of the Board of the CCR Society and the Audit Committee in terms of completing financial and accounting activities for a period until the approval of the balance sheet and report The societies of the KChZhD are transferred by both governments, but no later than May 1, 1953, to the Mixed Soviet-Chinese Commission.
The Mixed Soviet-Chinese Commission decided that after December 31, 1952, 640 employees of the Soviet and Chinese sides would continue to work on compiling the liquidation balance sheet and the report of the KChZhD Society for 1952 for submission, in accordance with Art. 4 of the Statute of the CCRR Society, for approval by both governments and for the technical execution of documents on the transfer of CCRR. The expenses for the maintenance of these employees are made at the expense of the KChZhD Society.
9. Archival materials on the activities of the Soviet-Chinese Society of the CChZhD are transferred respectively to both parties: materials in Chinese - to the Chinese side, materials in Russian - to the Soviet side. Archival documents of the former Chinese Eastern Railway are transferred to the Soviet side according to a list agreed with the Chinese side.
10. The Joint Soviet-Chinese Commission notes that during the period of joint Soviet-Chinese administration of the Chinese Changchun Railway, work was completed to restore 455 kilometers of second tracks, 191 kilometers of automatic blocking, and built 2,600 freight cars. 5,150 freight cars, 943 passenger cars, 517 steam locomotives were restored and overhauled, 153,000 square meters were built and restored, and 173,000 square meters of living space were repaired.
By checking the track gauge, it was found that the track facilities of the road have an excellent and good rating.
This Final Protocol has been approved by the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China.
The Protocol was signed in Harbin on December 31, 1952 in two copies, each in Russian and Chinese, both texts being equally valid.
(Signatures)
* See Soviet-Chinese Relations... - pp. 110-113.
** See doc. nineteen.
Telegram from Chairman of the Central People's Government of China Mao Zedong to Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I.V. Stalin. December 31, 1952
A source: Soviet-Chinese relations. 1952-1955: Collection of documents. 2015. pp. 74-76
Archive: AVPRF. F. 07. Op. 29. P. 5. D. 68. L. 3-4.
35.
During the joint management of the Chinese Changchun railway by the two countries - China and the USSR - the Soviet Union made the greatest contribution to the construction of the railways of the Chinese people. The Chinese people will never forget such fraternal and friendly assistance.
On the occasion of the gratuitous transfer by the Soviet government to the government of the People's Republic of China in full ownership of all its rights to jointly manage the Chinese Changchun Railway with all property belonging to the road on the basis of an agreement on the Chinese Changchun Railway, concluded in 1950, and a Soviet-Chinese communiqué on the transfer of the Chinese Changchun Railway to the government of the People's Republic of China, published in 1952, allow me, on behalf of the Chinese people and the government of the PRC, to express heartfelt gratitude to the great Soviet people, the Soviet government and you personally and wish that the great friendship between the USSR and China develop and strengthen every day.
Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China Mao Zedong