Israel Question

Stalin, Soviets and Israeli Question

INTRODUCTION

Any historical event should be evaluated in relation to and based on the comparison of conditions of THEN and NOW with the interests of class struggle and lining of forces THEN and NOW in mind.

It is well known practice of anti-communists and their left-disguised "umbrella" ideological groups - 1001 variations of Trotskyites - who never misses any opportunity to attack Stalin and Soviets. Recent events in Palestine gave them another opportunity to do so and in some "Muslim" countries, they echoed and reinforced the claims of religious reactionaries and fascists that “it is all Stalin’s and Soviets fault who supported the formation of İsraeli state”.

Gross disregard to the ideological and historical facts on the question conceals the fundamental fact that the “question of Palestine” was not an internal Soviet question where Stalin and the Party could have played the determining role. It was a question that so many nations were involved, some in order to gain their independence, others as a stooge to the imperialist, and the imperialists (British and French) who wanted to maintain their domination of these carved and colonized region, and in the case of US, to exert their influence at this oil rich region.

One cannot make an objective analysis through equation of a country`s, or a person`s qualitative stand, the character of now and based on that makes determination about the qualitative stand, character of then. With the mechanical logic of equating two different conditions, situation, character, Marxist Leninists who support the bourgeois revolutionaries against the feudalista, anti-colonial struggles, anti-imperialist wars etc., should condemn any given support THEN, based on the fact that most of them have become "bourgeois dictatorships" or even fascist states NOW. Marxist Leninists are perfectly aware of the fact that any anti-colonial struggle or anti-imperialist wars led by the bourgeoisie will eventually transform into being the staunch enemy of labouring masses. However, this fact does not change the attitude of Marxist Leninists toward the cause of anti-colonial, anti-imperialist wars and towards the "right of self-determination."

On the question of Palestine, it was no different in principle as stated;

“Our position on the Palestinian issue is determined by our foreign policy, one of the most important principles of which is the right of nations to self‐determination.”

One has to study the conditions of then, inter and intra relations among the nations involved, and the stands, aims of each nation involved. For this purpose, we should rely on the historical documents, facts not on fabrications, lies, gossips and cheap propaganda dished out by anti-communists of every shade.

What was Palestine then? A British colony? Who was fighting against the British Imperialism? Who was in alliance with the British, French imperialists? Where did each nation stand on the question of self-determination and fight against the imperialism at that given time? These questions should be answered in order to make an objective analysis of Soviets' attitude on the question.

Background summary

In search of help and assistance, the leaders of the Jewish community of Palestine, in the critically difficult period of the war for independence from British, turned to the Soviet Union. It was both diplomatic and military-political support of Soviet during the period of World War II, and the post-war diplomatic battles at the UN over the future of Palestine had a decisive impact on the course of events.

The position of the leadership of the USSR and its policy towards the Jewish community of Palestine became especially noticeable when the Nazis came to power in Germany. Soviet Union chose not to aggravate relations with its ally because of Palestine during the struggle against Hitler, although even then he closely followed the development of events in the Middle East, as evidenced by the memorandum of the USSR Ambassador to Egypt, and later the head of the Middle East department of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, A. Shchiborin:

“The Zionist organizations in Palestine are now in every way seeking to establish contact with our missions in the Middle East, hoping to enlist the support of the USSR in the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine ... it is not beneficial for us now to make any promises of support for the Jews, which would be perceived by the British as a step against them ” (Soviet-Israeli relations, 1941-1953. Collection of documents ,Volume 1, p. 75.)

However, already at the end of World War II, when the defeat of Nazi Germany became obvious, the USSR began to revise its policy in the Middle East in general and in relation to Palestine in particular. At the Moscow conference, held on October 9, 1944, Soviet representatives, in conversations with British and American diplomats, for the first time raised the question of Palestine.

V. Molotov's proposal to E. Eden, was that the British troops were completely withdrawn from Egypt and Palestine, and in return the Soviet Union would withdraw its troops from Northern Iran. However, E. Eden and the American Ambassador to Moscow, W. Harriman, rejected this proposal. The United Kingdom and the United States created a joint commission charged with the task of working out proposals and recommendations for the governments of both countries regarding the future of Palestine. The report of the Anglo-American Commission was published on April 30, 1946, it recommended that Britain retain a mandate that could later be transferred to the United Nations. The Soviets criticized the conclusions of the commission, but has not yet defined its clear position on the Palestinian problem. As the head of the Arab department of the Political Department of the Jewish Agency E. Sasson noted in his letter dated June 28, 1946 stated:

“they [the leaders of the USSR] do not want to determine their place in the Jewish-Arab conflict in Palestine,” however, “they want to be an influential factor in The Arab East, to intervene in the problems of the region and participate in decision-making ... " ( Soviet-Israeli relations, 1941-1953. Collection of documents Volume 1, p. 154.)

Immediately after the end of the Moscow conference, Stalin instructed the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (NKID) to develop proposals on a possible policy of the USSR in the Middle East. For a detailed study of the issue, three commissions were formed, headed by I. Maisky, M. Litvinov and S. Lozovsky. None of the conclusions of the commissions was approved by the NKID, so at this stage the position of the Soviet Union was reduced to two fundamentally important points: 1) the earliest possible withdrawal of the British mandate and 2) the establishment of the UN mandate.

In January 1947, Great Britain made a last attempt to independently resolve the question of Palestine and convened a conference in London (London Conference), in which all interested parties participated. Foreign Minister E. Bevin proposed a fundamentally new plan for resolving the situation in Palestine, based not on the principle of dividing the country, but on the principle of cantonization - the creation of Jewish and Arab administrative units and a triple Jewish-Arab-British government in Jerusalem. The proposals were rejected by both Jews and Arabs. As a result of the failure of the negotiations, on February 14, 1947, E. Bevin announced the transfer of the question of the future of Palestine to the UN. On April 28, 1947, a special session of the UN General Assembly began to work on the agenda of which was the question of the future of Palestine. Considering the post-war balance of power in the world, reflected in the structure of the United Nations, this or that decision depended on the positions, mainly of two superpowers - the USSR and the USA.

With the transfer of the question of Palestine to the UN, the Middle East department of the USSR Foreign Ministry adopted a new concept of Soviet policy towards Palestine. Now the position of the Soviet Union was that it was necessary not only to remove the British mandate for Palestine as quickly as possible, but also to create a unified Arab-Jewish state there. According to the plan of Soviet diplomats, the UN should develop a “statute of a single independent democratic Palestine with the provision of equal national and democratic rights to the peoples inhabiting it. "

Speaking at a meeting of the special session of the UN General Assembly on May 14, 1947, the representative of the USSR A. A. Gromyko said that "the British mandate regime turned the country into a paramilitary police state, living in constant tension", and, taking into account all the disasters that befell the Jewish people during the Second World War, it is necessary to find an early solution to the fate of the surviving Jews. Speaking about the future of Palestine, A. A. Gromyko noted that "the legitimate interests of the Jewish, as well as the Arab people of Palestine can be protected only on condition of the creation of an independent joint democratic Arab-Jewish state."

However, as the Soviet representative emphasized, the final decision on the future of Palestine should be taken only after considering the conclusions of the UN special commission. If she confirms that relations between Jews and Arabs in Palestine are so damaged that the creation of a two-pronged state is impossible, then “then it would be necessary to consider the second option, which provides for the division of Palestine into two independent independent states: Jewish and Arab” (Soviet-Israeli relations, 1941-1953. Collection of documents, volume 1, p. 217.)

Thus, in May 1947, the Soviet Union officially supported the possibility of creating an independent Jewish state in Palestine only if the creation of a two-pronged state is impossible. Thus, for the first time the USSR clearly defined its position on this issue of Middle East policy.

The day after the meeting of the UN General Assembly, May 15, 1947, a special commission was created from representatives of Australia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Guatemala, India, Iran, the Netherlands, Peru, Sweden, Uruguay and Yugoslavia. The commission was responsible for reviewing the current situation in Palestine and submitting recommendations to the UN. After three months of work, on September 1, 1947, the commission presented its report in which, the abolition of the mandate for Palestine and granting it independence were approved by all members of the commission. Meanwhile, regarding the issue of the future structure of an independent Palestine, there were disagreements, formalized in the so-called "Majority Plan" (Australia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Guatemala, the Netherlands, Peru, Sweden and Uruguay spoke for it), which assumed the division of the country into two independent states and bringing Jerusalem under international control, and the "Minority Plan" (supported by Iran, India and Yugoslavia), which provided for the creation of a single federal state with the capital in Jerusalem.

Soon after the UN special commission formulated its proposals, discussions on the proposed project began in Moscow. V. Molotov, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, sent a telegram to his deputy A. Vyshinsky in New York:

“You should bear in mind that when the directive for Gromyko, known to you, proposed the creation of a two-pronged state as the first option for resolving the Palestinian issue, it was done by us for tactical reasons. We cannot take the initiative in creating a Jewish state, but our position is better expressed by the second version of our directive, that is, an independent Jewish state. Since the majority of the commission spoke in favor of the creation of a separate Jewish state, you should support the opinion of this majority, which corresponds to our basic directive on this issue ”. (Y. Strizhov, USSR and the creation of the State of Israel, International Affairs No. 11–12, 1995, p.94)

Vyshinsky's telegram to Molotov dated October 15, 1947 stated:

“Our statement on Palestine was greeted by the Jews with great approval. The Arabs are disappointed, although after Gromyko's speech at the emergency session they had very little hope for the possibility of changing our position ”. ("International life", No. 11–12, 1995. P. 97.)

Thus, the Soviet Union reaffirmed its previous position: if the UN Commission considers the creation of a unified Arab-Jewish state is impossible, then the division of Palestine into independent Jewish and Arab states is necessary. On October 26, 1947, Stalin gave his consent to support the partition of Palestine.

The Soviets officially voiced its position through its representative to the UN A.A.Gromyko. In response to criticism from the representatives of the Arab countries, A. A. Gromyko said that the Arabs “indicate that the division of the territory is a historical injustice. But one cannot agree with this point of view, if only because the Jewish people were associated with Eretz Yisrael for a long historical period of time ...In addition, we cannot lose sight of the situation in which the Jewish people found themselves as a result of the last world war ... The Jews as a people suffered more than any other people ... In Western Europe there was not a single state that could defend properly the extent of the interests of the Jewish people from arbitrariness and violence on the part of the Nazis ... The proposal to divide Palestine into two independent states and the position taken by the Soviet Union on this issue are not directed against the Arabs, in our deep conviction, such a solution to the issue corresponds to the fundamental the national interests of not only Jews, but also Arabs. "

Three days later, on November 29, 1947, a UN resolution was adopted, providing for the partition of Palestine and the creation of two independent states.

The leadership controlled the votes of five UN member states at once: the USSR, Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR), Belarus (BSSR), Czechoslovakia and Poland. One vote was not enough to secure a qualified majority of two-thirds. Therefore, at the initiative of the Americans, representatives of the Philippines and Paraguay, who were absent from the preliminary vote, were urgently brought to New York. Before the second decisive vote, A. A. Gromyko made a clear and firm proposal on the creation of two states. Ultimately, in a decisive vote, the five countries of the Soviet bloc secured the required two-thirds majority.

In resolution 181/11, the UN General Assembly approved the partition of Palestine and agreed to the formation of two states on its territory: an Arab and a Jewish.

	Jews	Arabs
The Jewish State	498 000	407 000	905 000
The Arab State	10 000	725 000	735 000
City of Jerusalem	100 000	105 000	205 000

Jewish was allocated an area of 14.1 thousand square km (56% of the entire territory of Palestine), inhabited ;

Arabs was allocated 11.1 thousand sq. km, and an international zone was established.

Although United States voted for the partition of the mandated Palestine, and immediately recognized Israel de facto, and imposed an arms embargo on the Middle East in March of the following year and declared that such a partition could not be carried out. Even on the eve of Britain's formal withdrawal from Israel in May, US was still urging Israeli leaders not to declare independence.

The Soviet Union, on the other hand, not only voted for partition, but also became the first state to recognize Israel de jure three days after independence, and came out in support of the Jewish state.--

Looking at the documents, Soviets had the preference of one state solution but seeing that it was not possible they had to choose the only viable option of two state solution which was better than the alternative - US Dominion, or the continuation of British mandate. British and French had already divided the Middle East - Arab Land in small pieces based on the oil production and already had set up its puppet leaders who were ready to fight each other with the arm supply by British. As Vyshinsky put it; two state solution could make it “possible to eliminate the enmity between Arabs and Jews in Palestine. This plan turned out to be unfulfilled not because it is bad, but because the states that could have implemented this plan did not want to do it”

It is not that Soviets was not aware, did not know or expect the Israel will at the end side with the US; in one of the document clearly states;

"The fact that at the moment the leading group (Zionists) of Palestinian Jews "are turning their eyes to the USSR," is caused by purely opportunistic circumstances. By virtue of their class nature, the Zionists will support the United States, not the USSR."

However, this did not let them betray the Marxist Leninist principle; Gromyko states;

"The Soviet Union supports and cannot but support the aspirations of any state and any people, no matter how small its weight in international affairs, aimed at fighting against foreign dependence and the remnants of colonial oppression."

I am not sure if any of these has already been translated to English, regardless comrade Svitlana translated some selected related documents presenting the conditions and the reasons for the stand of Soviets on the issue of Palestine.

Erdogan A