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CONCLUSION There are four standpoints from which a Marxist must proceed to form a judgment of empirio-criticism.
First and foremost, the theoretical foundations of this philosophy must be compared with those of dialectical materialism. Such a comparison, to which the first three chapters were devoted, reveals, along the whole line of epistemological problems, the thoroughly reactionary character of empirio-criticism, which uses new artifices, terms and subtleties to disguise the old errors of idealism and agnosticism. Only utter ignorance of the nature of philosophical materialism generally and of the nature of Marx's and Engels' dialectical method can lead one to speak of "combining" empirio-criticism and Marxism.
Secondly, the place of empirio-criticism, as one very small school of specialists in philosophy, in relation to the other modern schools of philosophy must be determined. Both Mach and Avenarius started with Kant and, leaving him, proceeded not towards materialism, but in the opposite direction, towards Hume and Berkeley. Imagining that he was "purifying experience" generally, Avenarius was in fact only purifying agnosticism of Kantianism. The whole school of Mach and Avenarius is moving more and more definitely towards idealism, hand in hand with one of the most reactionary of the idealist schools, viz., the so-called immanentists.
Thirdly, the indubitable connection between Machism and one school in one branch of modern science must be borne in mind. The vast majority of scientists, both generally and in this special branch of science in question, viz., physics, are invariably on the side of materialism. A minority of new physicists, however, influenced by the breakdown of old theories brought about by the great discoveries of recent years, influenced by the crisis in the new physics, which has very clearly revealed the relativity of our knowledge, have, owing to their ignorance of dialectics, slipped into idealism by way of relativism. The physical idealism in vogue today is as reactionary and transitory an infatuation as was the fashionable physiological idealism of the recent past.
Fourthly, behind the epistemological scholasticism of empirio-criticism one must not fail to see the struggle of parties in philosophy, a struggle which in the last analysis reflects the tendencies and ideology of the antagonistic classes in modern society. Recent philosophy is as partisan as was philosophy two thousand years ago. The contending parties are essentially, although it is concealed by a pseudo-erudite quackery of new terms or by a feeble-minded non-partisanship, materialism and idealism. The latter is merely a subtle, refined form of fideism, which stands fully armed, commands vast organisations and steadily continues to exercise influence on the masses, turning the slightest vacillation in philosophical thought to its own advantage. The objective, class role of empirio-criticism consists entirely in rendering faithful service to the fideists in their struggle against materialism in general and historical materialism in particular.
<"sup">
SUPPLEMNNT TO CHAPTER FOUR, SECTION I [129] FROM WHAT ANGLE DID N. G. CHERNYSHEVSKY
CRITICISE KANTIANISM?In the first section of Chapter IV we showed in detail that the materialists have been criticising Kant from a standpoint diametrically opposite to that from which Mach and Avenarius criticise him. It would not be superfluous to add here, albeit briefly, an indication of the epistemological position held by the great Russian Hegelian and materialist, N. G. Chernyshevsky.
Shortly after Albrecht Rau, the German disciple of Feuerbach, had published his criticism of Kant, the great Russian writer N. G. Chernyshevsky, who was also a disciple of Feuerbach, first attempted an explicit statement of his attitude towards both Feuerbach and Kant. N. G. Chernyshevsky had appeared in Russian literature as a follower of Feuerbach as early as the 'fifties, but our censorship did not allow him even to mention Feuerbach's name. In 1888, in the preface to the projected third edition of his The Aesthetic Relation of Art to Reality, N. G. Chernyshevsky attempted to allude directly to Feuerbach, but in 1888 too the censor refused to allow even a mere reference to Feuerbach! It was not until 1906 that the preface saw the light (see N. G. Chernyshevsky, Collected Works, Vol. X, Part II, pp. 190-97). In this preface N. G. Chernyshevsky devotes half a page to criticising Kant and the scientists who follow Kant in their philosophical conclusions.
Here is the excellent argument given by Chernyshevsky in 1888:
"Natural scientists who imagine themselves to be builders of all-embracing theories are really disciples, and usually poor disciples, of the ancient thinkers who evolved the metaphysical systems, usually thinkers whose systems had already been partially destroyed by Schelling and finally destroyed by Hegel. One need only point out that the majority of the natural scientists who endeavour to construct broad theories of the laws of operation of human thought only repeat Kant's metaphysical theory regarding the subjectivity of our knowledge. . . ." (For the benefit of the Russian Machians who manage to muddle everything, let us say that Chernyshevsky is below Engels in so far as in his terminology he confuses the opposition between materialism and idealism with the opposition between metaphysical thought and dialectical thought; but Chernyshevsky is entirely on Engels' level in so far as he takes Kant to task not for realism, but for agnosticism and subjectivism, not for recognition of the "thing-in-itself," but for inability to derive our knowledge from this objective source.) ". . . they argue from Kant's words that the forms of our sense-perception have no resemblance to the forms of the actual existence of objects. . . ." (For the benefit of the Russian Machians who manage to muddle everything, let us say that Chernyshevsky's criticism of Kant is the diametrical opposite of the criticism of Kant by Avenarius, Mach and the immanentists, because for Chernyshevsky, as for every materialist, the forms of our sense-perception do resemble the form of the actual -- i.e. objectively-real -- existence of objects.) " . . . that, therefore, really existing objects, their real qualities, and the real relations between them are unknowable to us. . . ." (For the benefit of the Russian Machians who manage to muddle everything, let us say that for Chernyshevsky, as for every materialist, objects, or to use Kant's ornate language, "things-in-themselves," really exist and are fully knowable to us, knowable in their existence, their qualities and the real relations between them.) " . . . and if they were knowable they could not be the object of our thought, which shapes all the material of knowledge into forms totally different from the forms of actual existence, that, moreover, the very laws of thought have only a subjective significance. . . ." (For the benefit of the Machian muddlers, let us say that for Chernyshevsky, as for every materialist, the laws of thought have not merely a subjective significance; in other words, the laws of thought reflect the forms of actual existence of objects, fully resemble, and do not differ from, these forms.) " . . . that in reality there is nothing corresponding to what appears to us to be the connection of cause and effect, for there is neither antecedent nor subsequent, neither whole nor parts, and so on and so forth. . . ." (For the benefit of the Machian muddlers, let us say that for Chernyshevsky, as for every materialist, there does exist in reality what appears to us to be the connection between cause and effect, there is objective causality or natural necessity.) ". . . When natural scientists stop uttering such and similar metaphysical nonsense, they will be capable of working out, and probably
will work out, on the basis of science, a system of concepts more exact and complete than those propounded by Feuerbach. . . ." (For the benefit of the Machian muddlers, let us say that Chernyshevsky regards as metaphysical nonsense all deviations from materialism, both in the direction of idealism and in the direction of agnosticism.) ". . . But meanwhile, the best statement of the scientific concepts of the so-called fundamental problems of man's inquisitiveness remains that made by Feuerbach" (pp. 195-96). By the fundamental problems of man's inquisitiveness Chernyshevsky means what in modern language are known as the fundamental problems of the theory of knowledge, or epistemology. Chernyshevsky is the only really great Russian writer who, from the 'fifties until 1888, was able to keep on the level of an integral philosophical materialism and who spurned the wretched nonsense of the Neo-Kantians, positivists, Machians and other muddleheads. But Chernyshevsky did not succced in rising, or, rather, owing to the backwardness of Russian life, was unable to rise, to the level of the dialectical materialism of Marx and Engels.
<"NOTES">
NOTES <"en1">[1] "Ten Questions to a Lecturer" written by Lenin in May-June 1908 was the theses for a speech given by I. F. Dubrovinsky (Innokenty), member of the Bolshevik centre and one of the editors of the newspaper Proletary, on a philosophical symposium sponsored by A. Bogdanov in Geneva. [p.1]
<"en2">[2] Frederick Engels, Anti-Dühring, Eng. ed., Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954. pp. 65-66. [p.1]
<"en3">[3] Ibid., p. 86. [p.2]
<"en4">[4] Ibid., pp. 55-56 and 157-58. [p.2]
<"en5">[5] I. e., Studies "in" the Philosophy of Marxism. [p.2]
<"en6">[6] Bogdanov is Alexander Malinovsky's pen name. [p.2]
<"en7">[7] Rakhmetov is the pen name of Oskar Blum, a Menshevik-Plekhanovist. [p.2]
<"en8">[8] See Lenin's letter of February 25, 1908 (New Style), to Maxim Gorky, V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 13, pp. 411-17. [p.2]
<"en9">[9] Valentinov is Nikolai Volsky's pen name. [p.2]
<"en10">[10] Lenin began the writing of Materialism and Empirio-Criticism in Geneva, February 1908.
In May of that year he went to London, where he spent about a month in the library of the British Museum working on material not available in Geneva.
The manuscript was completed in October 1908 and was forwarded to a secret address in Moscow, where the Zveno Publishing House under took its printing.
The proofs were read by Lenin's sister, A. I. Elizarova, in Moscow, then one set was sent abroad to Lenin who thoroughly checked them, noted printing errors and made a number of corrections. Part of the corrections were incorporated in the printed text; others were indicated in an important list of errata appended to the first edition of the book.
Lenin had to consent to tone down some passages in the book to avoid giving the tsarist censors excuse for proscribing its publication.
Lenin insisted that the book be brought out quickly, urging that this was necessitated "not only by literary, but also by serious political considerations".
The book appeared in an edition of 2,000 copies in May 1909. [p.5]<"en11">[11] Insertions in square brackets (within passages quoted by Lenin) have been introduced by Lenin, unless otherwise indicated. [p.5]
<"en12">[12] Fideism -- Lenin originally used the term popovshchina (priest-lore, clericalism) in his manuscript but replaced it with "fideism" to avoid the censorship. Lenin explained the term "fideism" in a letter of November 8, 1908 (New Style), to A. I. Elizarova (V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 37, p. 316). [p.6]
<"en13">[13] Lenin is referring to so-called "god-building", an anti-Marxist religious-philosophical literary trend which arose in the Stolypin reaction period among a section of the Party intellectuals, who later deviated from Marxism after the defeat of the 1905-07 revolution.
The "god-builders" (A. V. Lunacharsky, V. Bazarov and others) advocated the founding of a new "socialist" religion with the aim of reconciling Marxism with religion. Maxim Gorky was at one time associated with this group. A conference of the enlarged editorial board of Proletary (1909) condemned the "god-building" trend and declared in a special resolution that the Bolshevik faction had nothing in common with "such distortions of scientific socialism".
Lenin exposed the reactionary nature of "god-building" in Materialism and Empirio-Criticism and in his letters to Gorky of February-April 1908 and November-December 1913. [p.6]<"en14">[14] V. I. Nevsky's article, which was given as an appendix to the second edition of Materialism and Empirio-Ctiticism, is omitted in the fourth Russian edition of Lenin's Works. [p.8]
<"en15">[15] Frederick Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, p- 335. [p.23]
<"en16">[16] Frederick Engels, "Special Introduction to the English Edition of 1892" of "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, pp. 86-106. [p.23]
<"en17">[17] "Die Neue Zeit " (New Times ) -- organ of German Social-Democracy published in Stuttgart from 1883 to 1923. From 1895, that is, after Engels' death, Die Neue Zeit began systematically carrying revisionist articles. During the First World War (1914-18) it adhered to Kautsky's Centrist views and supported the social-chauvinists. [p.23]
<"en18">[18] Frederick Engels, Anti-Dühring, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1954, pp. 34 and 54. [p.33]
<"en19">[19] I. e., Prolegomena to a Critique of Pure Experience. [p.42]
<"en20">[20] "Revue Neo-Scolastique " (Neo-Scholastic Review ) -- theological philosophical journal founded by a Catholic philosophical society in Louvain, Belgium, in 1894. [p.42]
<"en21">[21] "Der Kampf " (The Struggle ) -- organ of the Austrian Social-Democratic Party, published in Vienna from 1907 to 1938. Adhering to an opportunist Centrist stand, it disguised its betrayal of the proletarian revolution and subservience to the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie under a mask of Leftist phraseology. [p.48]
<"en22">[22] "The International Socialist Review " -- American revisionist monthly published in Chicago from 1900 to 1918. [p.48]
<"en23">[23] "Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosopbie " (Quarterly of Scientific Philosophy ) -- empirio-criticist (Machian) journal published in Leipzig from 1877 to 1916 (until 1896 under Avenarius' editorship). In 1902 the name was changed to Vierteljahrsschrift fur wissenschaftliche Philosophie und Sociologie (Quarterly of Scientific Philosophy and Sociology ).
Lenin on p. 383 of this book speaks of this philosophical journal as "indeed enemy territory for Marxists". [p.53]<"en24">[24] "Philosophische Studien " (Philosophical Studies ) -- journal of an idealist trend devoted mainly to questions of psychology, published by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig from 1883 to 1903. From 1905 to 1918 it appeared under the title Psychologische Studien (Psychological Studies ). [p.59]
<"en25">[25] A character in Nikolai Gogol's Dead Souls. The serf valet Petrushka loved to read books but paid little attention to the meaning. He felt interested merely how letters were combined into words. [p.59]
<"en26">[26] I. e., the empirio-critical and the immanentist philosophies are identical. [p.60]
<"en27">[27] Frederick Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, p. 324. [p.61]
<"en28">[28] From one of Krelov's fables satirizing braggarts. [p.62]
<"en29">[29] "Mind " -- philosophical and psychological journal of idealist trend published in London from 1876. [p.71]
<"en30">[30] P. B. Struve -- former "legal Marxist", monarchist and counter revolutionary, and founder of the Constitutional-Democratic (Cadet) Party.
M. O. Menshikov -- contributor to the reactionary newspaper Novoye Vremya. Lenin called him a "faithful watchdog of the tsarist Black Hundreds". [p.73]
<"en31">[31] With a grain of salt, i. e., with caution or reserve. [p.74]
<"en32">[32] Notes on the Concept of the Subject of Psychology. [p.76]
<"en33">[33] It can be seen from Lenin's letter, December 19, 1908 (New Style), to A. I. Elizarova that the original manuscript read: "Lunacharsky even 'mentally projected' for himself a god." The phrase was modified to avoid the censor's axe. In the letter Lenin wrote: "'Mentally projected for himself a god' will have to be changed to mentally projected for himself -- well, to use a mild expression -- religious conceptions, or something of that nature" (V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 37, p. 324). [p.80]
<"en34">[34] I. e., independent of experience. [p.82]
<"en35">[35] I. e., guide. [p.84]
<"en36">[36] Frederick Engels, Anti-Dühring, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1954, p. 55. [p.91]
<"en37">[37] Frederick Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, pp. 337 and 328. [p.91]
<"en38">[38] Lenin is referring to a character drawn by I. S. Turgenev in his prose poem "A Rule of Life" (I. S. Turgenev, Prose Poem, Russ. ed., 1931, pp. 24-25). [p.92]
<"en39">[39] I. e., willy-nilly. [p.100]
<"en40">[40] Knowledge and Error. [p.100]
<"en41">[41] "Archiv für systematische Philosophie " (Archives of Systematic Philosophy ) -- journal of an idealist trend and a section of the journal Archiv für Philosophie. Published in Berlin from 1895 to 1931, it carried
Neo-Kantian and Machian articles in German, French, English and Italian. [p.101]
<"en42">[42] "Kantstudien " (Kantian Studies ) -- German philosophical journal of the idealist trend of Neo-Kantians, published from 1897 to 1937. Representatives of other idealist trends also contributed to it. [p.101]
<"en43">[43] "Nature " -- a weekly published in London from 1869 by natural scientists of England. [p.101]
<"en44">[44] Beast, monster, or pet aversion. [p.104]
<"en45">[45] In preparing the first edition of this book for the press, A. I. Elizarova changed "more honest literary antagonist" to "more principled literary antagonist". Lenin objected to this alteration (V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 37, p. 341). [p.105]
<"en46">[46] Frederick Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, l951, Vol. II, p. 335. [p.107]
<"en47">[47] Lenin is referring to a character depicted by I. S. Turgenev in his novel Smoke as a typical pseudo-learned dogmatist. Lenin described him in his work "The Agrarian Question and the 'Critics of Marx'" (V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 5, p. 134). [p.107]
<"en48">[48] Frederick Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, p. 356. [p.108]
<"en49">[49] I. e., whim. [p.110]
<"en50">[50] I. e., this-sidedness. [p.112]
<"en51">[51] Karl Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 195r, Vol. II, p. 365. [p.112]
<"en52">[52] Frederick Engels, "Special Introduction to the English Edition of 1892" of "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, p. 92. [p.116]
<"en53">[53] I. e., flea-cracker. [p.118]
<"en54">[54] Frederick Engels, "Special Introduction to the English Edition of 1892" of "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, p. 93. [p.120]
<"en55">[55] 0rthodox, L. I. Axelrod's pen name. [p.121]
<"en56">[56] Frederick Engels, Anti-Dühring, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1954, pp. 65-66. [p.128]
<"en57">[57] Beltov -- pseudonym of G. V. Plekhanov. His On the Development of the Monistic View of History, 1895, appeared under this name. [p.134]
page 445
<"en58">[58] Frederick Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, p. 335. [p.141]
<"en59">[59] Frederick Engels, Anti-Dühring, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1954, p. 123. [p.150]
<"en60">[60] Ibid., p. 128. [p.151]
<"en61">[61] I. e., Excursions of a Socialist into the Domain of the Theory of Knowledge. [p.151]
<"en62">[62] Marx's letter to Kugelmann, December 5, 1868, a fragment of which appears in Marx and Engels, Selected Correspondence, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1953, p. 261, footnote 2. [p.152]
<"en63">[63] The reference is to the following works: Karl Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach" (1845); Frederick Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy" (1888); "On Historical Materialism" (1892), that is, "Special Introduction to the English Edition of 1892" of "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific" (Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, pp. 365-67, 324-64, 88-106). [p.155]
<"en64">[64] Karl Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach"; Frederick Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy"; "Special Introduction to the English Edition of 1892" of "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific" (Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, pp. 365, 336, 93). [p.155]
<"en65">[65] Marx criticizes the theory of the vulgar economist Senior in the first volume of Capital, FLPH, Moscow, 1954, Vol. I, Chapter 9, Section 3. [p.156]
<"en66">[66] I. e., Studies "in" the Philosophy of Marxism. [p.159]
<"en67">[67] I. e., Notes on the Concept of the Subject of Psychology. [p.169]
<"en68">[68] "Revue de Philosophie " (Review of Philosophy ) -- idealist journal published in Paris from 1900. [p.170]
<"en69">[69] I. e., Mechanics, a Historical and Critical Account of Its Development. [p.171]
<"en70">[70] I. e., Notes on the Concept of the Subject of Psychology. [p.173]
<"en71">[71] I. e., the first section of "Introduction" to Anti-Dühring. [p.178]
<"en72">[72] Frederick Engels, Anti-Dühring, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1954, pp. 33-34, 36 and 55. [p.179]
<"en73">[73] Frederick Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, pp. 350 and 353. [p.179]
page 446
<"en74">[74] Die Prinzipien der Wärmelehre (The Principles of the Theory of Heat ). [p.181]
<"en75">[75] Annalen der Naturphilosophie " (Annals of Natural Philosophy ) -- idealist journal of positivist tendency, edited by Wilhelm Ostwald, published in Leipzig from 1902 to 1921. [p.190]
<"en76">[76] I. e., Studies "in" the Philosophy of Marxism. [p.192]
<"en77">[77] The exclamation is provoked by the fact that Yushkevich here uses the foreign word "infinite" with a Russian ending. [p.192]
<"en78">[78] Frederick Engels, Anti-Dühring, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1954, pp. 65-66. [p.200]
<"en79">[79] Ibid., p. 76. [p.204]
<"en80">[80] "Natural Science " -- monthly review published in London from 1892 to 1899. [p.214]
<"en81">[81] "The Philosophical Review " -- American journal of idealist philosophy published since 1892. [p.214]
<"en82">[82] In the first edition this read: ". . . it is not only a smile your flirtation with religion provokes." After reading the proofs, Lenin wrote to A. I. Elizarova that "it is not only a smile", should be changed to "it is not a smile, but disgust", or an erratum should be given to this effect. In the first edition this correction was indicated in the list of errata. [p.218]
<"en83">[83] Frederick Engels, Anti-Dühring, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1954, p. 158. [p.219]
<"en84">[84] The cry "Back to Kant! " was raised in Germany in the 1870s by representatives of a bourgeois reactionary philosophical trend known as Neo-Kantianism, which reproduced the most reactionary and idealist propositions of Kantianism. Lenin firmly refuted Neo-Kantianism supported by the "legal Marxists" in his "Once More on the Theory of Realization" (1899) (V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 4, pp. 59-77), and "Marxism and Revisionism". [p.227]
<"en85">[85] I. e., Studies "in" the Philosophy of Marxism. [p.231]
<"en86">[86] V. M. Purishkevich, monarchist and extreme reactionary. Founder of the Union of the Russian People (the Black Hundreds). [p.233]
<"en87">[87] A reformist-opportunist trend that arose in the French, Italian and Belgian working class movements at the end of the last century. This trend preached that socialism should rely on the "wretched" of society at large instead of only on the working class, and that class peace be substituted for class struggle. The chief representative of this trend was Benoit Malon. [p.238]
<"en88">[88] Le Socialiste -- weekly theoretical organ of the French Wotkers' Party (after 1902 called the Socialist Party of France), published from 1885, became the organ of the French Socialist Party in 1905. It ceased publication in 1915. [p.239]
<"en89">[89] Frederick Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, p. 340. [p.242]
<"en90">[90] The reference is to Engels' "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy" (1888); "On Historical Materialism" (1892), that is, "Special Introduction to the English Edition of 1892" of "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific" (Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, pp. 324-64 and 88-106). [p.242]
<"en91">[91] Frederick Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, p. 342. [p.242]
<"en92">[92] Frederick Engels, "Special Introduction to the English Edition of 1892" of "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, p. 92. [p.244]
<"en93">[93] "Zeitschrift für immanente Philosophie " (Journal of Immanentist Philosophy ) -- German philosophical journal, published in Berlin from 1895 to 1900, advocating solipsism, an extremely reactionary form of subjective idealism. [p.249]
<"en94">[94] The French edition of Mechanics, a Historical and Critical Account of Its Development was published in 1904 in Paris. [p.249]
<"en95">[95] I. e., Philosophical Year. [p.249]
<"en96">[96] I. e., Das menschliche Glück und die soziale Frage (Human Happiness and the Social Question ). [p.251]
<"en97">[97] I. e., Die Geschichte und die Wurzel des Satzes von der Erhaltung der Arbeit (History and Roots of the Principle of the Conservation of Work ). [p.253]
<"en98">[98] Lenin is referring to the false statement of tsarist prime minister Stolypin who denied the existence in the postal service of cabinets noirs engaged in examining the correspondence of persons suspected by the tsarist government. [p.260]
<"en99">[99] Nozdriev, a character in Nikolai Gogol's Dead Souls, a landlord and habitual liar. [p.264]
<"en100">[100] "The Monist " -- American philosophical journal propagating idealism and religious views, published in Chicago from 1890 to 1936. [p.266]
<"en101">[101] "Archiv für Philosophie " (Philosophical Archives ) -- journal of the Neo-Kantian and Machian brands of idealist philosophy, published in Berlin from 1895 to 1931 in two editions: one devoted to the history of philosophy, the other to general questions of philosophy. [p.281]
<"en102">[102] Frederick Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, p. 339. [p.285]
<"en103">[103] I. e., Excursions of a Socialist into the Domain of the Theory of Knowledge. [p.292]
<"en104">[104] Karl Marx's letter to Kugelmann, December 5, 1868 (Marx and Engels, Selected Correspondence, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1953, p. 261, footnote 2). [p.293]
<"en105">[105] Eugene Dietzgen was the son of Joseph Dietzgen. [p.294]
<"en106">[106] Reference is to the postscript written by Dauge under the title: "Joseph Dietzgen and His Critic Plekhanov" for the second Russian edition of Joseph Dietzgen's Das Acquisit der Philosophie (Acquisition of Philosophy). [p.295]
<"en107">[107] Frederick Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1954, Vol. II, p. 338. [p.300]
<"en108">[108] Frederick Engels, Anti-Dühring, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1954, p. 86. [p.300]
<"en109">[109] "L'Année Psychologique " (Psychological Year ) -- organ of a group of French idealist psychologists, published in Paris since 1894. [p.309]
<"en110">[110] "Revue générale des Sciences pures et appliquées " (General Review of Pure and Applied Sciences ) -- a French magazine published in Paris from 1890 to 1940. [p.311]
<"en111">[111] I. e., Mechanics, a Historical and Critical Account of Its Development. [p.346]
<"en112">[112] I. e., The Principles of the Theory of Heat. [p.355]
<"en113">[113] "Voprosy Filosfii i Psikhologii " (Problems of Philosopby and Psychology ) -- journal of idealist trend published in Moscow in 1889 and taken over by the Moscow Psychological Society in 1894. Among its contributors were the "legal Marxists" P. B. Struve and S. N. Bulgakov, and, in the period of the Stolypin reaction, A. A. Bogdanov and other Machians.
page 449
From 1894, it was edited by the arch-reactionary philosopher L. M. Lopatin until it ceased publication in April 1918. [p.361]
<"en114">[114] Russkoye Bogatstvo (Russia's Wealth ) -- a monthly published in St. Petersburg from 1876 to mid-1918. In the early 1890s it became the organ of the liberal-Narodniks and was edited by Krivenko and Mikhailovsky. It preached conciliation with the tsarist government and abandonment of the revolutionary struggle against it, and was bitterly hostile to Marxism and the Russian Marxists. [p.379]
<"en15">[115] E-value is a term used by Avenarius in The Critique of Pure Experience, Vol. I, p. 15: "If any describable value is assumed to be a component part of our environment, we call it shortly R." "If any describable value is taken as the content depicted by others, we call it shortly E." E is the first letter of the two German words Erfahrung (experience) and Erkenntnis (knowledge). [p.382]
<"en116">[116] "Wer den Feind . . ." -- these words are an adaptation of a couplet by Goethe, taken by Lenin from I. S. Turgenev's novel Virgin Soil (Complete Works of Turgenev, Russ. ed., 1930, Vol. 9, p. 183). [p.383]
<"en117">[117] Zur Kritik is a shortened name for Marx's work "Zur Kritik der politischen Oekonomie" ("Critique of Political Economy") (1859), Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. I, pp. 327-31. [p.390]
<"en118">[118] Marx's letter to Kugelmann, June 27, 1870 (Marx and Engels, Selected Correspondence, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1953, pp. 289-90). [p.398]
<"en119">[119] A character in I. S. Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons. [p.403]
<"en120">[120] Marx's letter to Ludwig Feuerbach, October 3, 1843, Marx and Engels, Works, Vol. 27, German ed., pp. 419-21. [p.408]
<"en121">[121] "Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher " (German-French Yearbook ) -- a journal edited by Karl Marx and Arnold Ruge, published in 1844 in Paris. It appeared only once in a double issue, Nos. 1-2. [p.408]
<"en122">[122] Marx's letter to Kugelmann, December 13, 1870, Marx and Engels, Selected Correspondence, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1953, pp. 305-07. [p.409]
<"en123">[123] Frederick Engels, "Special Introduction to the English Edition of 1892" of "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific", Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLPH, Moscow, 1951, Vol. II, pp. 97-99. [p.409]
<"en124">[124] The works of Engels of these years are: Anti-Dühring (1878), Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (1888) and On Historical Materialism (1892). [p.409]
<"en125">[125] "Zagranichnaya Gazeta " (Gazette Etrangerè ) -- Russian weekly published by a group of Russian emigrants in Geneva from March 16 to April 13, 1908 (New Style). Bogdanov, Lunacharsky and other Otzovists were among the contributors. [p.417]
<"en126">[126] "Obrazovaniye " (Education ) -- monthly literary magazine of popular scientific, socio-political character published in St. Petersburg from 1892 to 1909. Marxists contributed to it from 1902 to 1908. [p.417]
<"en127">[127] Both Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky are characters in Nikolai Gogol's comedy The Inspector-General. [p.426]
<"en128">[128] Lenin is referring to two books by Machian Mensheviks published in 1908: N. Valentinov's The Philosophical Constructions of Marxism and P. Yushkevich's Materialism and Critical Realism. [p.431]
<"en129">[129] The manuscript of the "Supplement to Chapter Four, Section I[,] From What Angle Did N. G. Chernyshevsky Criticise Kantianism?" was sent to A. I. Elizarova in the latter part of March 1909, when the book had already gone to press. In a letter to her of March 23 or 24, 1909 (New Style), Lenin wrote: "I am sending a supplement. It is not worth holding up the book for it, but if there is still time, print it at the end of the book, after the 'Conclusion', in special type -- nonpareil, for example. I consider it highly important to contrast Chernyshevsky to the Machians." [p.436]